Ict in the Film Industry Essay Example

Ict in the Film Industry Essay ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY Digital innovation in the previous decade has completely changed the film business. Concentrating on the significant techniques of film having and the effect that innovation had on every one of the territories, this exploration would see ongoing changes in the pre-creation part of film making, moreover we will attempt to know the new instruments, hardware and storerooms being utilized by present day movie producers and makers. Film conveyance and the unfriendly effects that innovation has had on the film business, significantly on the ill-conceived deal and robbery of copyrighted material is examined. Post-theater film dissemination and the progressive advancement advances in the business are investigated to take a gander at the nonstop changes in instruction and exercise of experts in the film business. PC produced designs and the developing effect ICT has made in the business is secured and the eventual fate of the film business is anticipated. ICT played a great deal of positive job in various part of the present reality. It has contacted the clinical ventures, instructive part, administrative division and even the film or film enterprises. This paper talk on how ICT have decidedly affected the film/film industry today. On the off chance that we as a whole recollect our young age, we most likely think about the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the film we watch are for the most part tapes or simple, and presumably not strong, with the assistance of ICT today we can see changes in the video innovation in the current world. As unrest proceeds in the film businesses the effects of ICT have made the accompanying changes; Technological apparatuses have changed the content composing techniques by utilizing the web, utilizing computerized altering devices. We will compose a custom paper test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The web is likewise been utilized by scriptwriters to advance their contents to makers, chiefs and potential cast relates in other to be inspected by each characters either by peer audit in a method of online gatherings. There has been a pivotal increment in the previous decade in the utilization of computerized camcorders for film with low spending arranging alongside top notch video which is set to contend and go past the standard 35mm film both in quality and adaptability (culkin Randle 2003). The after creation period of film making has conceivably been the most significant affected by the new innovative tendency. The presentation of non-straight innovation has utilized film altered physically wasteful and tedious. This strategy includes fixing and assembling movie in a virtual screen where the chiefs, makers, and editors see the yield of the film on screen. (culkin randle 2003. p. 8) The entire course of film making has been totally innovation driven, everything from the appropriation to the projection of film to crowds (purchasers). In any case, the nonattendance of business understandings among wholesalers and exhibitors of the movies has hindered the transformation to computerized advances. For example, just 170 films far and wide have changed over what exactly is perceived as top of the line advanced (culkin Randle 2003). Overall revenues for the studios are conspicuously diminishing, presently being out casted or dwarfed by the game business. So satellite conveyance have as of late made its first usage in movie form industry and reports has indicated that upon full execution of film dispersion, it can spare the film business of cost of $700 million every year. (markman). A significant issue the film business has been looking for as long as years since the presentation of innovation in the business is the robbery and copyright issue. Consequently copyrighted motion pictures have been effectively moderate more than the first film delivered for appropriation. For film and music content, these lead to many claims against shared systems and people as result for taking and dissemination of these motion pictures and music materials. This will consistently be one of the significant ventures gives the business would need to look since people in general (buyers) approaches this ease copyrighted material (peer-2-companion and DVD authors). All things considered, the film business has tried to diminish the danger of robbery of motion pictures by wrinkling the (CSS) known as substance scrambling framework in which just bona fide DVD or VCD items which contain a specific decoding calculation can play the specific film. A similar innovation likewise has the capacity to improve the video and sound on the DVD/CD so just a DVD with a similar unscrambling calculation can play the film impeccably. The CSS innovation is likewise intended to keep clients from direct replicating of information from DVDs. However, not long after the CSS innovation was presented, Norwegian young people figured out a DVD innovation by breaking the code that contain the decoding calculation and transferred unscrambling programming for clients around the globe to utilize. These implies that the film business would need to continue refreshing and furthermore find and alternative to this troubles (markman). The post-theater advertise accounts generally for 75% of movie’s pay during its lifetime. The head of these are ideo rental shops which represents about portion of all benefits (). The DVD has totally carried another measurement to the business, turning into the quickest developing client gadgets thing ever (culkin Randle 2003). DVD’s have unquestionably expanded film studio’s pay when it chose to give film substance to the home purchasers with mind boggling picture and sound quality which doesn't destroyed like the old VHS tapes (markman). Another and quickly creating territory in t he appropriation procedures of film enterprises is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is where shoppers download their longing film over the web as opposed to going down to their neighborhood video store or film house. The benefit of this innovation is that for all intents and purposes decrease or no-expenses are expected to get to the film and the burden if any when venturing out to the video rental store or film house (culkin Randle 2003). Fast changes in the film business lately have constrained numerous experts around the globe in sound and realistic enterprises to secure new and specific aptitudes. This is a continuous improvement in many ventures. A model is that the after creation businesses are relied upon to have persistent updates of hardware and programming which will prompt consistent re-preparing of workers/teams which in turns increment creation costs (culkin Randle 2003). Future dispersions may involve permitting editors in various nations to editors in different nations to alter film by simply accessing digitized media on a server without really leaving the solace of their home. Satellite disseminations to films are at the vanguard of future film flows and circulations. George Lucas, the chief of star wars is anticipating utilizing satellite innovation to extend the remainder of the scene in films. This procedure of carefully dispersion of the film through information projectors is known as E-Cinema ( Randle 2003). It isn't costly and unquestionably adaptable regarding dispersion power; by and by Cinemas who wish to execute this new innovation would need to get significant costs when changing over to advanced projection. This innovation is a lot of still in the advancement level and the effect isn't generally observed at this point ( Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article named â€Å"the new face of the film industry† examines the improvement in PC enlivened designs in past years. Ongoing blockbuster motion pictures like Spiderman 3 are genuine instances of how far PC designs have come lately. The film business have gone to a phase in which each and every occasion in film causing procedure to can be PC created . In past years, the innovation outlines of countenances have not looked genuine when considered a to be nearer as it is simpler to make non-human articles like dinosaurs genuine, in addition, upgrades in rendering human body or skin, lighting or obscuring advanced scenes and analyzing human characters or entertainers are presently permitting activity designers to oversee and assume responsibility for each sing development of pixels in an energized group (skin). Huang (2004) reports that a normal spending plan for a blockbuster film cost around $150 million where it is outstanding to see over half of financing assigned to simply the PC created impact which in turns raise income to about normal of $700 million every year. At any rate we can say that there is no territory inside the film business that has not been affected by innovation over the previous years. The significant effects for pre-creation stage have been centered around the advancement of content composing apparatuses just as the expansion utilization of web to convey content to editors, executives and other significant gatherings inside the business. By and large gear costs have definitely expanded radically decreased simultaneously quality and adaptability of items has expanded. The control of non-straight innovation has everything except made hand altered or physically altered motion pictures a wiped out and quick track the entire film altering process (culkin Randle 2003). The significant drawback which has expanded worries around film enterprises far and wide is that it has gotten incredibly simple for purchasers around the globe to duplicate copyrighted film material and this continue creating issues in the businesses till date. At long last we can say that the progression in innovation would just keep on acquiring improvement the film ventures around the worl

Relationship Between Cultural Consumption, Identity And Holidays Essay

Connection Between Cultural Consumption, Identity And Holidays - Essay Example The examination and ensuing investigation of information unmistakably showed that decision of occasion goals relied to a great extent upon the social pattern of the general public viable. Individuals from a general public settled on decisions as per the human qualities that were credited to different goals and it was additionally affirmed that human qualities played a significantly more unequivocal job in collectivist social orders than in individualistic social orders. Hence this investigation additionally uncovers the most appropriate certainty that a legitimate examination of emotional patterns in a culture is completely basic if one somehow managed to shape clear prescient discernments about how individuals move an incentive to their condition and how they settle on their utilization decisions. The business exercise that can be acquired from this investigation is that these discoveries must be remembered when defining efforts to draw in vacationers from different social orders ha ving different inclinations and any item or administration that can be set well regarding the impression of that specific culture will clearly get an exceptionally positive gathering from enormous segments of the general public. This report makes the ends drawn above apply for a vast dominant part of individuals in various social orders, there will consistently be singular individuals in each general public who might challenge the standards and set out their own plan. In this manner never be astounded in the event that you see a Brazilian skiing down a particularly dubious mountain incline in the Alps or catching a ride along nation streets of Cambodia.

The Undecideds VI The Undiscovered Country

The Undecideds VI The Undiscovered Country The sixth in a series With less than a week until the May 1st postmark deadline for your college decision, I figure now is as good a time as any to the students who are still undecided: How can we help you make your decision? What more would you like to know about MIT? What are your lingering concerns? Etc. But first, let me answer some FAQs. Whats up with my financial aid? You or someone in your family should call the Financial Aid Office at 617-253-4971. Every time Ive called during business hours, theyve picked up and answered all of my questions. What if I dont get my financial aid package/appeal before May 1? MIT Admissions is willing to give an extension on the May 1 deadline for financial aid-related reasons. If you would like an extension, you can either email our office at admissions at mit dot edu or call us during business hours at (617) 253-4791. We want to ensure that you make the best, most informed choice you can, especially when it comes to something as important as finances. Is the reply form supposed to be postmarked by May 1 or received by May 1? The form is supposed to be postmarked by May 1. Both students who are and are not enrolling should return the form as soon as possible after you have made your final decision. Has MIT Admissions received my reply form yet? We have sent out postcards confirming the receipt of your form, but apparently they are not moving very quickly through the mail. If you are worried, you can call Admissions at 617-253-4791 or email at admissions at mit dot edu. You havent answered by question in any of the past few entries! Im holding off on all questions except Undecideds until my next Questions Omnibus. This includes questions from Adam, YeSeul, Sarah, Siddharth, Tuan, Om, tokenadult, swissinsenegal, Molly, Robb, mahsa, Question, Dhrubo, Jon, Shammi, Evan, and Justin. On to the questions Tish asked (twice sorry!), From what Ive read on your website bioengineering (the new course 20) was limited to 20 students for the class of 2009. Was it difficult to get into the program, because it seems like every other person I talked to at CPW was interested in this field. I just want to be sure that there will be room for me if I come! And Sean wrote, I wanted to second the question by Tish regarding bioengineering. Although Im likely going to go EECS at MIT, Im considering bioengineering as an alternative (yay for bio!). Is space really only limited to 20 students for class of 09? The original plan was to limit enrollment in Course 20 (Biological Engineering) to 20. But closing off majors really isnt part of MITs culture, and Course 20 wanted to avoid doing so if at all possible. In the end, every student who wanted to major in Course 20 was able to do so. I think its also important to note that MIT actually has three bioengineering majors: Course 2A Biotrack: Biomedical/Biomechanical engineering Course 10B: Chemical-Biological Engineering Course 20: Biological Engineering The first two bioengineering options have never even considered a lottery. In short, if you want to do bioengineering at MIT, you will be able to, no problem. Tish also asked, One more concern while at CPW (which I loved!) I sort of detected this undercurrent of animosity between the typical MIT superbrains and the partiers/jocks (sorry for the cliches!). What is the relationship between these so-called groups? As someone who falls into the latter category I just want to be sure that I would feel comfortable on campus. Honestly, Ive never really noticed any problems between the superbrains and the partiers. I think people are happy to leave the clique-ish high school garbage behind. My impression is that MIT actually has one of the healthier social scenes as far as inter-group dynamics go. Crystal wrote, Hey Matt, Ive pretty much decided on MIT already, but wanted to inquire a bit about the pre-law track. From what I learned at the pre-law panel during CPW, only 20 or so seniors decide to apply to law schools straight out of undergrad each year. Is it difficult to major in engineering while also taking enough HASS classes to prepare for the written/reading comprehension skills required for LSATs (or perhaps double major in a HASS subject)? Do MIT students generally succeed in top law schools? Thank you so muchI cant wait to see everyone on campus again in August! My friend Josiah helped me to answer this he wrote: Whether or not MIT prepares you to be a lawyer probably depends on the kind of lawyer you want to be. There are many branches of law for which MIT can and does prepare people superbly. In the end, though, how good of a lawyer you are will depend on your grasp of the issues with which youre dealing. If its what you want to do, MIT can give you a fantastic in-depth familiarity with all things technology related, in addition to economics, international security, the environment and countless other topics. Ask yourself what sort of law you envision yourself practicing and go from there. In terms of the LSAT, though, I would venture to state that MIT actually does a better job of preparing you than would a liberal arts college. For starters the LSAT is based on logic, which is deeply ingrained in the MIT culture. As much as I love the humanities and have had a phenomenal experience with them here at MIT, they are largely speaking irrelevant to the LSAT. The LSAT consists of Logic Games, Arguments and Reading Comprehension. A familiarity with national and state laws might help you be a good lawyer, but it does nothing for you on the LSAT. The LSAT is specifically written such that no outside knowledge is necessary; it all comes down to your reasoning, which is Im happy to say is a strength here at MIT. The writing section is on the LSAT, but it doesnt count at all toward your LSAT score, which is what people care about in the end. So sure, Ive been very happy with the drastic improvements in my writing here at MIT, but thats a topic with no bearing on the LSAT. Its sad, but its a fact of life. The writing section was tacked onto the test to make it seem more well-rounded, but its overall impact on your score is exactly 0. All this means that studying legal content wont help you, even for the Reading Comprehension segment, which I teach. The most complex tasks usually come down to making analogies based on an underlying structure, which engineers tend to do well. Even with as little use as I have for that college down the road, I have to admit that my best students are from Harvard and MIT, and that they do more or less equally well in Reading Comprehension. I hope that covers it! And thanks, Josiah! Sebastian wrote, Hi Matt, is the reply for MIT supposed to be postmarked by May 1st or recieved by May 1st? Like many other people listed, I am kinda of still waiting for my financial aid package to come in the mail. Thanks!! Rosemarie wrote, Hey Matt. I sent in my financial materials very late, so i want to know around when to expect a package, and will I be given an extention, or will I need to decide prior to recieving it. Christine wrote, Just another person chiming in on the financial aid thing. My application is complete, and a call to the finaid office last week said that they were reviewing it. Would it be possible to find out whether its in the mail or not / get an e-mail of my award? My parents are getting anxious. Dominic wrote, Hi just wondering if the materials for my financial aid package were recieved and if they were currently reviewing it. Fernando wrote, Same Fernando wanting to know about Financial Aid. I woudl like to know if its been mailed yet or if it was even possible to get an e-mail of it. Stephanie wrote, I havent recieved my financial aid packet yet. Is it possible to have it e-mailed or snail mailed before I commit to mit? Thank you! Kun wrote, Im also wondering if the Financial Aid Office has recieved all of my materials, and when I can expect to hear from them. Ive emailed you all what Ive learned; I hope this is somewhat helpful! Me wrote, Call me a modernist, but is there anyway that can do the intent to enroll thing online, or do I have to do it the old fasioned way and send it through the good old USPS? You have to send it through the mail, old school. We are considering moving the form online for future years. Kellas 10 wrote, Hey. This is probably pointless but I e-mailled international admissions wondering if my acceptance had gotten to MIT yet, as international mail always seems a bit unreliable, and I aint heard anything back, and since I cant afford to make too many international calls, thought Id just ask on here if it had reached MIT. Melodie 10 wrote, I sent in my enrollment form a few weeks ago, and I havent gotten anything back yet, so I was wondering if you could check for me if youve gotten my stuff. Ana 10 wrote, Hey! I was just wondering if you received my Admission Reply Form. I sent it a week ago via DHL (I am an international student), but I havent received any confirmation postcard yet. Thanks! Zach wrote, same question as a lot of others I havent received a postcard yet confirming delivery of my admit reply. (hopes to see a 10 next to his name soon) And Keri 10 wrote, As I say the same thing as everyone else I sent in my admissions reply form two weeks ago, and nary a po stcard has graced my mailbox. Anything you can tell me? Do I need to panic and wonder where it could possibly be? Also, once this has been received, when would I get an MIT e-mail address? Kellas 10, Melodie 10, Ana 10, Zach 10, and Keri 10, welcome to MIT! I look forward to seeing you in the fall! And Keri, youll receive everything you need for an email address in the Next Big Mailing, set to go out in a couple weeks. Melodie wrote, Hey again, I know this is financial aid stuff, so I should be emailing the financial aid office, but I already emailed Mr. Barkowitz and he hasnt emailed me back and Im getting kind of nervous. Essentially, Ive got both forms that came in the admissions packet filled out, except for this one part in the Outside Awards form that asks for a copy of any instructions from outside scholarship sponsors. I emailed the group that sponsors the scholarship that I won, and theyre sending me the stuff via normal mail, but I dont know if Ill receive it in time to make the May 1 deadline. So, I was wondering if it would be ok to send everything that Ive got right now and then send that one part once I get the scholarship stuff. Thank you!! Hmm well, I dont know the answer, but Id recommend calling the office at 617-253-4971. Thats the number Ive been calling, and theyve been quite helpful and responsive. Anonymous wrote, I mailed my acceptance forms to MIT at the beginning of this week. I was discussing my decision with my GC he raised some serious concerns about finances at MIT. I think Im quite unique as an international student cos I while others will be struggling to meet the $5500 self-help portion of their finaid, Ill be struggling to meet the $5500 and the $1500 insurance, alongside an extra $1500 to cover my travel expenses as an intl student. How realistic is this goal or will I have to take significant amount of loans? If the worst comes to the worst, can I rescind my decision to enroll? Hi Anon, know that youre not alone many (most?) of our international students are here on full financial aid and have to fulfill the same expenses as you. It is absolutely realistic to make this work. Id recommend being in touch with some current students with your same situation; try emailing the International Students Association Executive Committee at isa-exxeccom at mit dot edu. Theyll be happy to help you out, I assure you. And, if for whatever reason you determine that you cannot financially make it work, we would allow you to withdraw your decision. But I honestly dont believe it will come to that. Stella wrote, I am not sure yet what I want to study. I know it will be something in sciences but I am also very interested in social sciences and humanities. Some people say that MIT people are black and white and that MIT is ideal only for people who are sure they want to study engineering, while other universities offer wider opportunities in studies. I am also very interested in dance, classical ballet and modern dance and I have been practising them for many years. I wonder whether there are classes offered on campus or if it is possible to take classes somewhere else. Stella, Ill repeat what I said a few days ago: the humanities are here, and world class. I do think that the science and engineering programs are of such high quality that the general public often dismiss the quality of our humanities and social science programs. But there are some really amazing things happening here in the humanities, the arts, and the social sciences. As for dance, weve got cool stuff going on academically, co-curricularly, and extra-curricularly. For example, check out Professor Tommy DeFrantz in the Theater Arts department, and the student group Kinaesthetics Lab. You should also check out the [emailprotected] Dance site as well as MIT DanceTroupe, which is arguably the most popular student group on campus. Speaking of Dance Troupe, let me leave you today with some photos of one of their recent performances. More photos are available from the DanceTroupe photo gallery. photos by Wan Yusof Wan Morshidi of The Tech

Marriage Essay - 492 Words

Marriage Marriage is a complicated institution. It is a contract for a relationship, which in the past has often been ending up in a divorce. This is different from other decades. In the United States between forty and fifty percent of Americans will end up divorcing (Crawford Unger, 2000). Now, the question is - what is going on with married couples, and with marriage in general? There is no simple answer for that, but all the changes in the world in the past years could be part of the answer. Society has changed its mentality in a lot of ways, and one of them is the acceptance of divorce as a normal way to end an unhappy relationship. People marry each other for love most of the time; they want to share a life†¦show more content†¦Sometimes they choose to go on alone, though men are more likely to have a more difficult adjustment to divorce than do women (Crawford Unger, 2000). People believe that a marriage becomes happier when children come, but a lot of the conflicts that lea d to the failure of the contract happen after the honeymoon period, which usually ends right after the first childs birth. The marriage usually demands more work, more responsibilities, and requires more emotional assets. The reasons for the disagreements are different for every couple, but most of them occur because women end up having to perform more roles than men, and end up sometimes having no time to talk to their husbands, or are only more stressed. Marriage usually gets better after the kids grow up and are more self sufficient, giving the parents more time to enjoy each other in a more relaxed way (Carlson Buskist, 1997). Even though most couples will not wait until the good old days to come back, I see marriage as more positive today than in the past. People are getting married later, because they are in love, and know that they can always end the relationship if they are not satisfied. Before, couples went through hell together but would not, or could not get divorced. People also remarrying more than they used to, searching for another partner to share their lives, and in some times finding happiness with the second or third partner, which is very positive ifShow MoreRelatedMarriage Between Marriage And Marriage1441 Words   |  6 PagesMarriage is universal, in the sense that no matter where you go in the world there is marriage. The meaning of marriage might be different but it still exists everywhere. Marriage would be so much healthier and happier with a marriage contract signed and agreed between both parties. Many people commonly have a misconception of what a marriage contract really is. 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Leadership Decision Making Of Ceo Martin Thomas Essay

Leadership Decision Making Introduction In this week’s assignment, we have been asked to select a decision that that the CEO Martin Thomas is faced with in the Devise Products Unlimited (DPU) case study. First, we will discuss the selected issue faced by the DPU CEO. Next we will look at a decision-making approach and make recommendations to the DPU CEO how to apply it to the decision selected from the case study. Sales in Thomas’s parts division have been dwindling. He has worked with the quality control department to determine the cause. They identified a trend in customer complaints related to the attitude of the staff in the sales, engineering, and production departments. The staff was viewed as â€Å"unhelpful,† â€Å"mean,† and â€Å"angry.† Often customers commented that they felt like they were â€Å"bothering† the staff. The Pending Decision First, let’s start by looking at what the one of the decisions that the DPU CEO is facing. 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King Lear Quote Analysis Free Essays

â€Å"The art of our necessities is strange,’ That can make vile things precious. † (3. ) 3. We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear Quote Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. Speaker Lear b. Context Lear is raging out in the storm, the Fool urges Lear to find shelter c. Significance While Lear is raging and letting his anger get to the best of hi m, he realizes hat giving all Of the power to Generic and Reagan were foolish decisions. He did don’t think about how ruling the kingdom granted him so much power, and realized this when he threw it all away foolishly. Lear learns that you can hate something or someone, until the mom entity need it most. L have no way, and therefore want no eyes; I stumbled when I saw. † (4. 1) 4. A. Speaker Gloucester b. Context Edgar sees an Old Man leading Gloucester, who is remorseful ova ere hating on Edgar, whom he loves and misses. C. Significance Gloucester claims that he would rather be able to see people from the inside, rather than the outer appearance or how they seem. He wants to know the try HTH of everyone since he didn’t see the people for who they are, but saw them just from hearing ABA ou t them and assuming who they were. Gloucester doesn’t want anymore misunderstanding gas, because that is what caused all of these trials. He realizes that you can only see a person for who they are by their actions. â€Å"The weight of this sad time we must obey;’ Speak what we feel, not what we ought to say. / The oldest hath borne most: we that are young/ Shall never see so much, nor live so long. (5. 3) 5. A. Speaker Edgar b. Context Albany, Kent, and Edgar discussing after the tragedy that had jug SST taken place. . Significance Edgar has came up with the conclusion that speaking what we feel and had time to think about it rather than just blurting out whatever is on our mind is t he wisest thing to do because it’ll end up in a tragedy such as this. Edgar also states that he, all Eng with Albany and Kent, can never see worst than the tragic events that occurred such as the De tats of Lear and his daughters, and his father and brother, Gloucester and Edmund. How to cite King Lear Quote Analysis, Papers

A Report on Strategic Management & Brand Image Of Nike - Solution

Question: Discuss about the term for brand image of Nike has improved by a significant amount in the recent years. Answer: Introduction In the year of 1991, a report revealed such poor labor practices of the sub-contractors in the factories present in the eastern countries. This started a wave of negativity against the organization, which go fueled till the year of 1997 by various expose and reports revealing several other factories having poor labor practices and poor working conditions. The negative brand image started the organization to lose a lot of business and caused the performance of the organization to be low. In the year of 1999, Nike established a fair labor association which audits the workplace of the organization along with a number of organizations operating in the same industry. The organization started turning around its brand image by integrating the corporate responsibilities into the business model of the organization. The consolidated business strategy of the organization along with the corporate responsibilities has a number of effects on the various business processes of the organization (Burg elman 2016). Has Nikes strategy been deliberate or emergent over the period 2004-2008? The strategy of an organization describes its plans and course of actions to tackle several key issues which affect the business in a negative manner. In other words, the strategy of an organization can be considered to be the plan or course of actions utilized by the organization to achieve the set of goals or objectives set by the management. The strategy of an organization can be classified as deliberate or emergent based on a number of factors. The deliberate organizational strategy defines a structured plan for the actions of the organization, which is shared among all the employees of the organization. So the deliberate organizational strategy allows the employees to clearly understand the course of action of the organization and realize the expected outcome of the strategy (Mahdi, Abbas, Mazar and George 2015). The organizational strategy is considered to be emergent if the plan or course of action of the organization is gradually imposed on the organization over time. In othe r words, the emergent business strategies of an organization are changed and emerged over time due to the effect of a number of factors present in both the internal and external environment of the organization. The emergent business strategy is generally never planned by the management of the organization and is groomed or imposed over time (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland 2013). The case study describes the time through which Nike was struggling with very bad and negative brand image due to abusive labor practices. In the year of 1991, the abusive and low-quality labor practices of the organization were revealed in a report, which started the negative image perception for the brand (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). Through the years 1991-1997, the business strategy of Nike was emergent i.e. the business strategy of the organization was getting affected due to the heavy opposition or negative brand image of the organization in the corresponding markets of operation. During these years, the organization tried creating a department to enhance the laboring conditions in the workplace of the organization and tried to expand its privilege retail stores chain to improve its brand image. All of these changes in the business strategy were forced due to the negativity against the organization in the market. But the year of 1999 allowed the organization to accept the blame for its mistakes and started turning around its brand image. During the years of 2004-2008, the organization created a non-profit organization to audit the workplace of various companies, published detailed reports revealing the working conditions in all of its factories and published the list of all the contractors associated with the manufacturing process. These actions of the organization were the managements deliberate plan to gain the positive perception of the general public present in the corresponding market of operations. So the organizational strategy of Nike during the years 2004-2008 can be considered to be deliberate (Arora and Aggarwal 2012). How have Nikes mission, vision and values changed in relation to CR since the early 1990s? The report in the year of 1991 revealed the abusive labor practices involved in the manufacturing process of the various products of Nike. This led to a long-lasting negativity against the brand image for including poor labor practices in the manufacturing processes being run in the factories present in the foreign countries. During the years of 1991-1996, there were a number of exposing, reports and revelations on the poor working condition and illegal activities by the contractors of the organization. This led the organization to lose its credibility in the market. The brand image was hurt very badly and caused the sales to go down drastically. This, in turn, led to the poor performance of the organization in the corresponding market of operation, which led the organization to lose its market shares in the corresponding market of operation (Stead and Stead 2013). This, in turn, made the management of the organization realize the value of corporate social responsibilities of the org anization in gaining and maintaining high performance in the market. This led the organization to the creation of the non-profit organization tasked with the auditing of the workplaces of Nike and other organization operating in the same industry. Nike started publishing lists containing all of its contractors every year, which revealed the various working standards and conditions followed by these contractors. Nike also published a report every year containing the working conditions, labor practices and wage details of all of its workplaces. Over the years of these activities, the management of Nike included the publications of these reports and audit data as part of its corporate social responsibilities. The management also started to include the CSR activities as one of the most important modules of the business model and business strategy of the organization. The organization has also ensured that it carries out the required corporate social responsibilities to develop and enhan ce the societies present in the markets of operation (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland 2013). Use the value chain to identify areas of Nikes business which should be impacted by the Considered strategy Mark Parker, CEO of Nike said, Corporate responsibility is no longer a staff function at Nike. Its a design function, a sourcing function, a consumer experience function, part of how we operate. This statement from the CEO suggests the importance of the corporate responsibilities in the business model of the organization and its integration with the various modules of the business model of the organization. Such a business strategy of the organization would surely affect the overall business of Nike. As mentioned by Mark Parker, the corporate responsibilities of Nike are included in the design phase of the various products manufactured by the organization. So the design process of the business model of Nike ensures that the corporate responsibilities of the organization are kept in the focus during the entire process irrespective of the available resources, timeline or scope of the work. So the product design phase of the business of the organization is affected by the corporate resp onsibilities. The sourcing function of Nike takes the responsibility of selecting efficient contractors present in the corresponding market of operation and outsources various business functions to them. The sourcing function also includes the responsibility of procuring high-quality materials for the manufacturing of the various products sold by the organization. The inclusion of the corporate social responsibilities in these business functions of the organization impacts the organizations business in terms of the utilization of the extra resources and the lack of timeline in the project schedules (Lesser and Ban 2016). Discuss the challenges Nike faces in carrying out its CR policy through its network of alliances and explain how it is mitigating its risks As mentioned earlier, the corporate social responsibilities of Nike play a significant role in the business model of the organization. So all the business functions of Nike include the focus on the completion of the corporate responsibilities of the organization. But there are a number of challenges involved in the completion of the corporate social responsibilities of the organization along with the business functions as most of the business functions of Nike involve a number of external agencies and partners. This section mentions some of these challenges faced by Nike in carrying out corporate responsibilities along with its business functions (Verbeke 2013). The involvement of the corporate responsibilities in the business model complicates the planning and resource management activities for the various business processes. The involvement of various external partners like the suppliers of the raw materials and the contractors for the manufacturing of the products, the completion of the corporate responsibilities faces risks. These external agencies or partners may not comply with the CR guidelines set by the management of Nike, which stops the organization to achieve its CR goals and objectives (Werbach 2013). Most of the corporate responsibilities of Nike require the organization to reveal a lot of information regarding their business to the public. The disclosure of all this information might affect the business of the organization through the competitors (Swayne, Duncan and Ginter 2012). The training and influence required for the employees to understand and adhere the corporate responsibilities of Nike are another challenge to carry them out efficiently. Risk mitigation The challenges and risks mentioned above for Nike to carry out its corporate responsibilities are mitigated by the management of the organization in a number of ways. Some of these risk mitigation plans are mentioned in this section. Nike provides a code of conduct and behavior standards guideline to the suppliers and contractors involved in the manufacturing process. This guideline and code of conduct forces the external agencies involved in the manufacturing process to carry out the corporate responsibilities of the organization through legal contracts (Eden and Ackermann 2013). Nike also ensures that all the employees in the workplace are trained efficiently about the corporate responsibilities of the organization along with their importance. The management of Nike also ensures that the employees comply with the corporate responsibilities of the organization by including them in the code of conduct and the employment agreement of the employees. This allows the organization to ensure the employees to carry out the corporate responsibilities (Harrison and John 2013). Nike ensures that the raw materials being procured for the manufacturing process are of high quality and clear of any CR violation through a number of external agencies. Based on the reports of these external agencies, Nike selects the external agencies to be included in the manufacturing process to ensure the compliance with the corporate responsibilities of the organization (Slack 2015). How do you expect the Considered strategy to affect Nikes positioning on the matrix of Porters generic strategies? The positioning of Nike in the corresponding industry determines the overall demand for its products among the customers and the overall market share that the organization owns or has the capability to own. The consolidated strategy of including the corporate social responsibilities of the core business functions of the organization certainly affects the positioning of the organization in the corresponding industry. The matrix of Porters generic strategies is a tool utilized to understand the positioning and recommended strategy of an organization at a particular situation of the market. The matrix shows two major factors in focus i.e. competitive scope and competitive advantage. The competitive scope of an organization can be either the narrow target or the broad target. The competitive advantage of an organization can either be lower costs of the products or the differentiations of the products in comparison to that of the competitors. So the overall position of an organization is determined to be cost leadership, differentiation, cost focus or differentiation focus (Evans, Stonehouse and Campbell 2012). Cost leadership This positioning of an organization allows it to develop and implement a business strategy which allows the organization to increase its profits by reducing the costs and charging an average price for the products in the corresponding industry. The cost leadership strategy allows the organization to realize profits from the sale of the products at a low price, because of the reduced costs of the various business processes of the organization (Lasserre 2012). Differentiation This strategy of the organizations allows them to keep their products clearly differentiable both in terms of quality and functionalities from that of the competitors operating in the corresponding industry (Gamble and Thompson 2014). The efficient implementation of a differentiated position and corresponding business strategy requires the organizations to have extensive research and development activities. Then the organizations have to deliver high quality and innovative products to the customers present in the corresponding market of operation. The differentiated business strategy of the organizations requires them to have a number of effective sales and marketing activities. These activities allow the customers to understand the unique properties of the products sold by the organization and their differences from the similar products being sold by the competitors present in the corresponding market of operation (Bharadwaj, Sawy, Pavlou and Venkatraman 2013). Focus strategy The focus strategy can be considered to have two separate segmentations i.e. cost focus and differentiation focus. Both of these strategies allow the organizations to focus their business strategy on a narrow target market. The focus strategy allows the organization to focus most of its resources on a narrow target of customers which allows the business strategy to be more effective both in influencing the customers to purchase the products sold by the organization and influencing the customers to accept the better quality of the products than that of the products of the competitors (Mudambi, 2016). The positioning of Nike along with the consolidated business strategy is differentiation as the competitive advantage that Nike possesses are based on the products differences from that of competitors and the competitive scope of Nike is focused on a broad target. The differentiated positioning of the organization allows Nike to attract number of customers towards the unique qualities of the products sold by the organization. This, in turn, allows the organization to gain and maintain competitive advantages over the other organizations operating in the same industry. The differentiated position of Nike also helps it to strengthen the brand image of the organization and allow the organization to be considered as a responsible entity in the corresponding societies of operation (Bettis, Gambardella, Helfat and Mitchell 2015). Conclusion The brand image of Nike has improved by a significant amount in the recent years. Nike is a perfect example of organizations who turn around their brand image through efficient organizational policy and strategy planning. The organization faced a lot of challenges to maintain good performance in the corresponding industry when there were a number of revelations which pointed to the inappropriate labor practices being carried out in the workplace of the organization. Nike turned its brand image to positive through effective planning and establishment of a dedicated non-profit organization to audit the labor practices and working conditions in the factories under various sub-contractors. Nike then integrated the activities of publishing regular reports about its subcontractors and working conditions in all of its factories as part of its corporate responsibilities. Effective organizational strategy planning to include the corporate social responsibilities in each of the functional busi ness processes allowed the organization to turn around its image in the society. References Arora, R. and Aggarwal, G., 2012. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT AT NIKE: FROM BREAKDOWN TO ACHIEVEMENT. International Journal of Management Research and Reviews, 2(7), p.1293. Bettis, R.A., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2015. Qualitative empirical research in strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 36(5), pp.637-639. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Mis Quarterly, 37(2), pp.471-482. Burgelman, R.A., 2016. Complex Strategic Integration at Nike: Strategy Process and Strategy-as-Practice Combined. The Handbook of Strategy Process Research from a Middle Management Perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013. Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Evans, N., Stonehouse, G. and Campbell, D., 2012. Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor Francis. Gamble, J.E. and Thompson Jr, A.A., 2014. Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Harrison, J. and John, C.S., 2013. Foundations in strategic management. Cengage Learning. Hill, C., Jones, G. and Schilling, M., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012. Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Lasserre, P., 2012. Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Lesser, E. and Ban, L., 2016. How leading companies practice software development and delivery to achieve a competitive edge. Strategy Leadership, 44(1), pp.41-47. Mahdi, H.A.A., Abbas, M., Mazar, T.I. and George, S., 2015. A Comparative Analysis of Strategies and Business Models of Nike, Inc. and Adidas Group with special reference to Competitive Advantage in the context of a Dynamic and Competitive Environment. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research. Slack, N., 2015. Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2013. Sustainable strategic management. ME Sharpe. Swayne, L.E., Duncan, W.J. and Ginter, P.M., 2012. Strategic management of health care organizations. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, A., Peteraf, M., Gamble, J., Strickland III, A.J. and Jain, A.K., 2013. Crafting Executing Strategy 19/e: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill Education. Verbeke, A., 2013. International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Werbach, A., 2013. Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Harvard business press.

Free Is There Such A Word Essays - DraftRamon Milian Rodriguez

Free: Is there Such a Word? Today, no matter what you do, you need money to do it. Right? Right! Shop. Travel. Make a phone call. You even need to spend money in order to make money. Money is real. People seem to be under the assumption that information wants to be free and that by enabling people to learn and follow their own interests will benefit society as a whole. Well, we no longer believe in society as a whole. We believe in the economy as a whole - a black hole! Why should you be able to think things, and even learn things, without paying somebody for that privilege? Let's get to brass tacks, the bottom line. Money. Money is reality. You see this printed dollar bill. It' s far more real than topsoil, oxygen, the ozone layer or sunlight. You may say that this is just a piece of paper with some symbols on it, but that's sacrilege! This is the almighty dollar. Most of the dollars we worship are actually stored in cyberspace. Dollars are just digital ones and zeros in a network of computers, but that doesn' t mean they're only virtual reality, and basically one big fantasy. No, dollars are utterly and entirely real, far more real than anything as vague as the public interest. If you're not a commodity, you don't exist! Of course there are many elements of our lives that exist outside the money economy. There's a lot going on in our lives that's not-for-profit and that can't be denominated in dollars. "The best things in life are free," the old saying goes. Nice old saying. Gets a little older-sounding every day. Sounds about as old and mossy as the wedding vow "for richer for poorer," which in a modern environment is pretty likely to be for-richer-or poorer following our prenuptial agreement. Commercialization, a favourite buzzword of mine. It's a very powerful phenomenon. It's getting more powerful year by year. Now we all must ask ourselves is anything really free? Is there such a word and if so what is its true definition? Many would say "Yeah there are a lot of things out there in the world that are free." but are they really is the questions? Can you believe that Melville Dewey once said, "free as air, free as water, free as knowledge?" Free as knowledge? Let's get real, this is the modern world --- air and water no longer come cheap! Hey, you want breathable air, you better pay your air conditioner's power-bill. Free as water? If you've got sense you buy the bottled variety or pay for an ionic filter on your tap. And free as knowledge? Well, we don't know what "knowledge" is, but we can get you plenty of data, and as soon as we figure out how to download it straight into the skulls of students, we can put all the teachers into the breadline. Now getting back to the fact of the air really being free. Yes, air does indeed have no economic value. The supply of air is plentiful and certainly the use of air by one person does not prevent the use of it by someone else. But how about all the money that is going into making this planet "environmentally safe"? The thousands of dollars that are going into keeping the air clean due to the years and years of pollutants that mankind has been pumping into the it. That certainly is not free. We breath in this compound composed of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other insignificant gases and never in our minds does the question arise about the worth of this indispensable compound. If it wasn't for the four-eyed chemists in their white lab coats concocting new methods of cleaning the air in order to make it "breathable". Where would we be? Probably in the world filled with dust, radiation and skyrocketing amounts of carbon dioxide. All this valuable research and data doesn't come cheap. Every time you get your paycheck and you notice a couple of dollars missing and don't really think anything of it. Think about it. Air is not free. It does have an economic value even if it is "hidden." Once upon

Should Suicide Be Legal essays

Should Suicide Be Legal essays Suicide is something we have had to deal with since the beginning of time. Throughout that period of time it has been seen as wrong. There is no reason why we should accept it now. It may be painless, and put some people out of a great deal of misery, but who all of the sudden gave us the right to kill. People are now lobbying for assisted suicides and their legalization. I feel that suicide and assisted suicide are now being seen as a convenience. If someone is sick, or depressed, killing him or her is seen as the way to get rid of the problem. We need to be stronger than that in society, and show we truly care for these people by getting them proper help. Who gave us the right to kill? In America today, who knows how many people have died through abortion, the death penalty, and suicide? I believe that the legalization of abortion has played a role is this lack of respect for life. If we dont have to respect someone when they are born, why should we care for someone who is going to die? It seems that if we have a good enough excuse, or it is convenient, we have no problem justifying the destruction of human life. People just dont care what is right and wrong. It is very sad that many people think that they can take their own life or someone elses life and truly believe that they are helping themselves or another. Suicide is just a waste of a life. If people think they can go around killing people for the sake of helping another, are society will not last long. People like Dr. Kavorkian and his supporters are ludicrous. Many people are sick and in a lot of pain. I can see how they do want to die, to take the pain away. But, they have to have enough respect for themselves and their families not to kill themselves. God did not come down and tell us to die whenever we want to. Killing is not the answer to the problem. Living our lives to the ...

Television Advertisements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Television Advertisements - Research Paper Example The paper realizes the prevalence of such behavior and in that acts as a measure to find a solution to the previously answered problem. The research question seeks to address the issue on a producer’s and a television company perspective. It aims to ensure that the involved stakeholders understand their social responsibility in protecting the children by developing relevant measures to combat the adverse effects on the children. The question relates to the significant problem of the various impacts of TV advertisements on children but adopts a different approach from the previous studies. This discussion declares that  the concern will not be a regulation by the prevailing regulative bodies, but an undertaking by advertisement houses and television companies meant to limit the effects of these ads on the children. The answer would work towards improving the overall health of the American population since there will be reduced cases of obesity and smoking among the children. Obesity and smoking are some of the primary causes of heart-related diseases and lung cancer in the United States and other areas in the world. Eliminating the negative influence of TV ads on the children will create a direct effect on the reduction in the prevalence rate of the associated diseases such as lung cancer and heart diseases.  The outcome can be included in the commercial television industry code of practice that will ensure the children are not influenced negatively by the ads and that parents are assured of their children’s safety.

Law Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law Case Study Analysis - Essay Example The term "expression" can be defined as the different forms such as newspaper, email, letter, fax, and conduct; till the communication is based on the mode of communication for which the offeror is ready to contract. The term "intention" is defined objectively by different judges of the courts. In the case of Smith v. Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 lays an emphasis on the fact that the important thing in any offer is not the real intentions of the parties involved but instead important thing is the reasonable view of the person regarding the situation. Revocation of offer An offer can be revoked by the offeror prior to the acceptance of the offer; but this must be communicated to the offeree. But it is not necessary that the offeror needs to communicate the revocation. In case the offer was made by the offeror to the whole world, the offeror need to revoke the offer in a similar form. This was evident in the legal precedent of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 Court of Appe al. But, in case the offer has been turned into an option, then the offer cannot be revoked by the offeror. In case the offer is in the form of an unilateral offer, the contract can be revoked by the offeror any time. ... But even in this case, the acceptance must be communicated. The offer can be withdrawn, prior to the acceptance of the offer. v The offer can be solely accepted by the offeree only, i.e.the party which receives the offer offer was made. v In case the offer is accepted by someone else in the family or business on the behalf of the offeree without his/her authorization, then the offer cannot be considered as binding v Silence on an offer cannot be considered as an acceptance of the offer. This is evident in the legal precedent of Felthouse v. Bindley (1862) 142 ER 1037. Counter-offer and correspondence The "mirror image rule" within the law of offer and acceptance, the offer needs to be accepted by the offeror or offeree without any modifications. If there are any changes which are done in any way to the offer, then the counter-offer with changes kills the original offer and the latter cannot be accepted by any of the parties in future. This is evident in the legal precedent of Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334. The Case Presented Tom chooses to put up for sale his car by parking it outside his residence with a note on the windscreen mentioning: "For auction, exceptionally excellent state, single owner complete service history, complete MOT, ?5,000 or nearby offer. Please get in touch number 37 or telephone 9911929 only." On Tuesday morning around 9.00am, Dick sees the car, but as he is behind schedule for work he is incapable to stop and call Tom at 10.00am and makes an propose of ?4,750 which Tom says he will think about. Harry was crossing through Tom's house on Tuesday morning around 11.00am, saw the car and called at the residence but Tom was not

The Criminal Black Stereotypes In Detail

The Criminal Black Stereotypes In Detail In this chapter, I firstly begin with a detailed presentation of the Black male stereotypes, then I bring into discussion the perceptions about Blacks and crime in the United States. The war on drugs of the 1980s represented a real subject of interest and I tried to present and discuss briefly about it because it was a powerful contributor to the typification of criminals as Black. Black Male Stereotypes To begin with, the society we live in, every ethnic group has a certain stereotype that is placed on, even if we admit it or not. Some of these stereotypes are positive, but most of them are negative. During ages, most of us hold a series of stereotypic views about certain races, genders, or classes. These stereotypes are not an error of perception, but a form of social control and people often resent them or live up to them. For instance, when talking about stereotypes that society places upon somebody, the most ones who have their back to the wall are the black men. They have always been seen as criminals or in the worst case as inferior species. Even today black men are depicted as uneducated, marijuana smoking men, that do nothing all day long but to commit crimes. But, what we refuse to admit is the fact that the Whites are more violent and commit ten times more crimes than a Black man. There are a few scholars I selected, that refer strictly to this matter. The first one is Katherin Russel-Brown, that refers to the stereotype as the criminalblackman, because crime and young Black men have become synonymous in American culture. In her book, The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment and Other Macroaggressions (1998), she writes that black men have always been portrayed as physical threats. They are blamed for all that is not good. According to her, the criminalblackman is a myth and says that the stereotype enables the use of racial hoaxes, which she defines as: when someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of his race OR when an actual crime has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of his race. (Russel, 1998:69) This quote describes best the society we live in, the reality that distorts peoples image. Here, the blames are not put only on black men, but on other ethnic groups too. Those who are in minority will always be treated like this, as scapegoats. Secondly, Linda G. Tucker came with another argument concerning Black men. In Lockstep and Dance: Images of Black Men in Popular Culture (2007) she argues that the criminal black mens representation in popular culture help to perpetuate the image. In her writings, she states that one of the most significant methods of criminalizing black males is the use of crime as a metaphor for race. In the context of athletics and sports, black men are considered to be suitable for this kind of career. They have win medals in all sports, in contrast with Whites that claim racial superiority in Basketball and American Football. What White people are afraid to admit is that the most exciting sports the ones played by black people. It is believed that sports somehow marginalizes black men from society. Sports take advantage of the fact that some blacks dream to be on television, to show the world that they were born to be athletes. In order to fulfill their goal, they trade their academic future in exchange for the chance to shine in sports. But the reality is that few black men would go on to play professional sports. And even so, they have very short careers which do not last such longer. This system is based on persuasion, peer pressure and leads in the end to self distruction. Sport Institutions are designated to encourage black men not to take advantage of the opportunity of education, in exchange for athletic pursuits. One can play professional sports and still be an intelligent and capable member of the community in which he lives. The author of Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, that also lead me throughout my study for this chapter is Kelly Welch. She is an assistant professor of sociology at Villanova University, where she teaches in the criminal Justice Program. Her research interests include race and crime, sociology of punishment, social justice, crime victims, and public policy. The scientific publication I mentioned before, refers to the stereotyping of blacks as criminals. This image is so pervasive throughout society that criminal predator is used as a euphemism for young Black male. In American society, a prevalent representation of crime is that it is overwhelmingly committed by young Black men. Welch suggests that the familiarity many Americans have with the image of a young Black male as a violent and menacing street thug is fueled and perpetuated by typifications everywhere.(2007:276) In fact, perceptions about the criminals identity cannot be easily changed because it seems that when it comes to talk about crime, inevitably we talk about race too. As I mentioned before, Whites have long viewed criminal behavior as an inherent characteristic of Blacks and this can be traced back to the enslavement of Africans in the United States. The association of crime with Blackness may have existed for some time and can be traced in the 1970s and early 1980s. In that period of time, the image of the young Black man suffered a semnificative transformation, from a rapist into that of a criminal predator. Though Blacks have often been portrayed as physically threatening, the current Black stereotyping of criminals represents an unusual phenomenon. The evolving criminal image of Blacks appears to be a more threatening image than had been considered in the past. The general criminal tendency, now is taken for granted as a biological flaw of African Americans. 2.2.1 Blacks and Crime: Perceptions and Statistics For more than a century, this relationship between race and crime in the United States, has served as a topic of public controversy. Crime is on the top of the list of public concerns and the media often portray it in such manner that can affect our attitudes towards the minority groups from our society. Cesare Lombroso, founder of the Italian school of criminology, argued that criminal behavior was the product of biological factors, including race. He developed a theory according to which, some people were more civilized and others more savage. Black people were grouped obviously in the latter category, along with yellow and mixed group minorities. Lombroso believed that crime was first of all a manifestation of innate qualities and humans can be grouped as prone to crime only by analyzing their physical characteristics. For instance, slave holders from United States, began to associate African Americans with crime due to the fact that their physical features seem savage. As historians have noted, the South part of U.S. has had a higher rate of violence in contrast with other parts. The rise of drug crimes and violence in the inner cities in 1970s and early 1980s, made people to associate black men with criminal predators. This biological perspective was criticized by the early 20th century scholars, including Frances Kellor, Johan Thorsten Sellin and William Du Bois, who argued that other circumstances, such as social and economic conditions, were the central factors which led to criminal behavior, regardless of race. Du Bois traced the causes of the disproportional representation of Blacks in the criminal justice system back to the emancipation of Black slaves in general and the convict leasing program in particular. He wrote: There are no reliable statistics to which one can safely appeal to measure exactly the growth of crime among the emancipated slaves. About seventy per cent of all prisoners in the South are black; this, however, is in part explained by the fact that accused Negroes are still easily convicted and get long sentences, while whites still continue to escape the penalty of many crimes even among themselves. And yet allowing for all this, there can be no reasonable doubt but that there has arisen in the South since the [civil] war a class of black criminals, loafers, and neer-do-wells who are a menace to their fellows, both black and white. (1901:147) Moving on to crime statistics in the recent years, although African-Americans did not surpass the actual number of Whites in nationwide arrests, their presence in these statistics has been greater than their representation in the general public. For example, according to the survey made by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004, Blacks composed approximately 13% of the U.S. population. But in 2002 they accounted for 38% of arrests for violent crimes and nearly 30% of arrests for property crimes. Juvenile arrest statistics indicate that during the same year, Black youth accounted for approximately 43% of arrests for violent crimes and 27% of arrests for property crimes. In 2008 there were approximately 14,180 victims and 16,277 perpetrators of murder and non-negligent homicide reported by law enforcement agencies to the FBI. The following table presents the racial demographics of murder in the United States for 2008: Offenders Victims White Victims Black Victims Other Victims Unknown Victims White 32.8% 48.2% 83.3% 7.6% 30.0% 37.0% Black 36.5% 47.8% 13.8% 90.0% 16.7% 29.0% African Americans, constituting approximately 12% of the general population, were significantly overrepresented in the total arrests made. African Americans were also significantly overrepresented in victimization, representing 47.8% of all murder victims. Murder in White American and African American populations were overwhelmingly intraracial, with 83% of all White victims and 90% of all Black victims having been murdered by individuals of the same race. Secondly, for non-lethal violent crime, law enforcement agencies made arrests for rape, robbery and aggravated assault. The following table presents the racial demographics of these non-lethal violent crimes in the United States for 2008: Total Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault White 58.3% 65.2% 41.7% 63.3% Black 39.4% 32.2% 56.7% 34.2% (U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. 2008) As it is showed in the table, white Americans were arrested more times than Black people in 2008, making up 58.3% of all arrests. White Americans, constituted approximately 79% of the total population, while though, African Americans constituted approximately 12% of the population, and made up 39.4% of all arrests for non-lethal violent crimes in the same year. Thirdly, regarding white-collar crime, there have been arrests by enforcement agencies for forgery and counterfeiting, fraud and embezzlement. The following table presents the racial demographics of these white-collar crimes in the United States for 2008: Total Forgery-Counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement White 67.4% 67.7% 67.5% 64.5% Black 30.9% 30.7% 30.8% 33.4% (U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. 2008. Retrieved 07 October 2009) White Americans were arrested again more times Blacks for these white-collar crimes in 2008, making up 67.4% of all arrests. African Americans were significantly overrepresented in forgery/counterfeiting, fraud and embezzlement, making up nearly 30.9% of all arrests. After consulting these tables of arrests made only in 2008, the Black mens image should improve because, these surveys represent the reality we are living in and not those negative narratives and images that media transmits about minorities. This is why they have such a significant influence on the belief of the society. 2.2.2 War on Drugs On Juky 14th , 1969, President Richard Nixon identifies drug abuse as a national threat. After presenting the juvenile drug-related arrests and the street crime that was happening during 1960s and 1967s, he called for a national anti-drug policy at both the federal and state level. Then, he popularized the term War on Drugs when first used it in 1971. The policies that his administration implemented as part of the  Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970  were a continuation of drug prohibition policies in the U.S. which traced back to the year 1914. The first U.S. law which restricted the distribution and use of certain drugs was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act  in 1914. The well-known war on drugs was a powerful contributor to the typification of criminals as Black. Crack was generally recognized as an inexpensive drug that was predominantly used by minorities. Americans were already familiar with cocaine before the war on drugs, however. Prior to crack epidemic, powder cocaine was prevalent in White communities, with little acknowledgement from law enforcement. Black people began to use powder cocaine when this drug was affordable on the market. This contributed to the promotion of punitive policies that have hit the Black population. As Michael Tonry, among others, has noted in Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America: Urban black Americans have borne the brunt of the War on Drugs. They have been arrested, prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned at increasing rates since the early 1980s, and grossly out of proportion to their numbers in the general population or among drug users. By every standard, the war has been harder on blacks than on whites. (1995:105) According to crime surveys, racial and ethnic groups consume illegal drugs at approximately similar rates. Specifically, Whites account for almost 75% of the nations illegal drug users, while Blacks for about 13%. But Blacks, however, account for about 75% of the nations drug prisoners, which reveals the extreme disparity manifest in the national crackdown on the drug problem . The sale and use of crack cocaine used by racial minorities, brought them a series of criminal penalties, which are heavier than those associated with other illegal drugs, used by Whites such as powder cocaine. This has resulted in a highly disproportionate number of Blacks who have been criminalized because of their drug use. The war on drugs may have been a war on Blacks or a war on Black drug use (Tonry, 1995). The relationship between race and crime rised various theories in the past hundred years. These theories have ranged from Lambrosos belief that certain group posses inherent criminal tendencies, to the one that is more widely accepted namely that of certain racial groups that are exposed to poverty and this fact lead them to commit crimes more often. Poverty sometimes is thought to be the most prominent cause of crime. Donald Yacovone presented his interesting idea in  The Transformation of the Black Temperance Movement, 1827-1854: An Interpretation, stated as follows: The shift away from modern temperance and to total abstinence in 1836 marked the beginning of black independence from white reform, although whites began to adopt teetotalism during the same period. Acceptance of total abstinence coincided with the adoption of political action as a reform measure and generally of greater militancy among blacks. By rejecting all alcohol, blacks not only sought to establish their personal integrity but they saw themselves as promoting the interests of the larger black community by offering practical and symbolic resistance to the forces of racism and slavery. This statement shows that the people of black antebellum society were genuinely interested in making a change. They believed that by initiating a temperance movement, they would gain the respect of the whites and therefore reduce acts of discrimination. The black temperance movements were established to diminish discrimination against blacks, but instead had more of an effect on the intemperance of members of the community who were of all ethnic backgrounds. There were voluntary associations involved in determining the causes of crime, preventing crime, or reforming citizens who had committed crimes. And they played a huge role in helping the residents of the black community feel safe. Many of these voluntary associations contributed to aiding the suffering black population of Boston. These associations extended their aid to the black population and many allowed membership to black citizens. These groups all aided the process of liberating blacks and helping them to integrate into society. 2.3 Conclusion This chapter was meant to bring into discussion the association of crime with Blackness. The reputation of Blacks has been characterized by beliefs about predispositions toward criminality that can be traced back to the enslavement of Africans in the United States. I have shown that the current recognizability of the image of a young Black criminal has been the result of various representations of crime. Contributions to this relationship that many identify between African Americans and criminality include actual involvement in crime, especially crack cocaine violations and violent offenses. Blacks do account for a disproportionate amount of crime arrests and are disproportionately convicted and incarcerated. But public estimates of Black criminality surpass the reality.

Video Game and Console Gaming Addiction

I. The Problem and its BackgroundA. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years gaming addiction (computer game addiction, console gaming addiction, or even excessive play on portable systems) has received increased attention not only from the media, but also from psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health organizations, and gamers themselves.Gaming addiction is not yet classified as a mental health disorder or â€Å"true† addiction like gambling or alcohol addiction. However, some gamers clearly struggle to keep their playing habits under control and may place more importance on their gaming accomplishments than their happiness and success in the real world (e.g., academic achievement, friendships, relationships, career advancement, health, etc.).B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMMany people or computer users have their thoughts and questions about online games. But this is some common questions that we will have to acknowledge:a. Why do students easily get addicted in computer/online games?b. Wha t are the harmful effects in getting addicted to computer/online games?C. IMPORTANCE OF STUDYThis study aimed to know why many student easily get addicted to computer games and the harmful effects of computer/online games.D. DEFINITION OF TERMS†¢ Addiction- is the continued use of a mood altering substance or  behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. †¢ Online Game- is a video game played over some form of computer network, using a personal computer or video game console. This network is usually the internet or equivalent technology, but games have always used whatever technology was current: modems before the Internet, and hard wired terminals before modems. The expansion of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion of computer networks from small local networks to the internet and the growth of internet access itself.

State Requirements for Parenting Plans

State Requirements for Parenting Plans Carol Schelling PA415-01: Family Law & Divorce Mediation Kaplan University State Requirements for Parenting Plans | |Carol Schelling | Memo To:Prof. H. From:Carol Schelling Date:12/20/2011 Re:Pennsylvania Parenting Plans Parenting Plans are very important. They outline the responsibilities of the parents and clarify what is in the best interest of the child. Pennsylvania does not require a parenting plan according to 23 Pa. C. S. A. Section 5331. In Pennsylvania, it also depends on the county in which you live. For example: In Washington County, Pennsylvania they require parenting plans for contested custody cases. However, in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania they do not require parenting plans. My Day in Court When I went to gain more rights to my daughter, Christal; I first filed a Modification with the Court of Common Pleas. The reason I had to do this was there was already an Order of the Court already in place. In Pennsylvania, you are required to go to a â€Å"Parents Forever† Seminar. This is a four hour seminar that teaches parents how to co-parent. When I was done, I had to provide the Court with the certification of my completion. If I did not complete this requirement, I would have been held in contempt. After I showed the Court that I completed the seminar, I then had to go to custody conferences. They represent mediation. In the custody conferences, my ex-husband and I had to work out a parenting plan. When we agreed to the context of the agreement, we both received copies. After a couple of months, we then had to go to a custody conference and the conference officer reviewed the past months. When there was an issue, like when my ex-husband refused me visitation with Christal, she would help us come up with another parenting plan that worked better. After our first custody conference, I was awarded an extra day (Friday-Monday) to take my daughter to doctor and dentist appointments. At the time, she weighed only 48lbs at the age of 8! After our second conference, I was awarded another day. This time my visitation was from Friday- Tuesdays. I would then take her to school and drop her off. I asked for this, since I could not make all of her appointments on Mondays. In June of 2007, we agreed to every other week. This worked out well, since it was years since I got to spend a week with her. I also, had all week to take my daughter to appointments. She was also involved in therapy, since I had requested that in our first custody conference. She was regressing to the point that we had to put her back in pull-ups and start the potty training all over. She was also on the Binky, (aka: Pacifier), as well. In August, my ex had told the courts he would be out of state. Knowing this, the court allowed a telephone conference, so he could be present. He did not call at the required time. I had told the conference officer that Christal had stated that he was at his home and that they should call him, which they did. When he answered, the conference officer had told him that this was not allowed and that he had lied to the courts. As a punishment, the every other week stood. I then requested for a hearing, since I did not want to lose this time that I got to spend with Christal. Her father was trying to take it back to an every other weekend. Our hearing occurred in February of 2008. At this hearing, I provided letters that my ex had written, school documents, and witness testimony. My ex’s mother and girlfriend would not testify. Our Judge had told them that they were not asked. If they wanted to be a part of Christal’s life, they needed to testify. Christal was also spoken to by the judge on camera (judge’s chambers). Since there were so many issues with my ex’s side, our case went for a continuance. On Mother’s Day of the same year, we had our next hearing. In this hearing, my daughter’s therapist, ex-mother-in-law, ex-husband’s girlfriend all testified. Right before the end of our hearing, I had asked if I could rebut the first hearing. I had explained all the issues that I had encountered between the hearings. I was happy to find out that on my birthday, which is June 5, that I gained full-custody of my angel and that my ex cannot gain custody of her again. The courts took his every Wednesdays and his vacation during the summer away due to negligence. I lost my daughter in 2002, due to me not knowing what to expect going pro se and not having money. I gained her back due to my hard work and dedication to my daughter’s best interests and well-being. I included this in my memo, for the simple fact that not all cases are black and white. The law itself has a lot of gray areas. What one county requires, another does not. Same thing goes with states. You cannot be ignorant about the law. Pennsylvania My state does not require parenting plans, but they are implemented within the court process when filing for custody, modification of an order, and contempt of court order as expressed in my own case stated above. New Hampshire To file for parental rights or to modify an order, such as a divorce, legal separation, or parenting petition, you must include a parenting plan. In Rules of the Circuit Court of the State of New Hampshire-Family Division, Section2-Domestic Relations, 2. 8 Parenting Plans shows you what is required within your parenting plan, and the order of the contents. My Thoughts I like how New Hampshire requires the parenting plan, because it saves money and court time as well. References Child Custody Act, 23 Pa. C. S. A  § 5331 NH Court Rules, Rules of the Family Division of the State of NH, Section 2-Domestic Relations, Rule 2. 18 Bertin, M. (F ebruary 8, 2011). New Child Custody Act Ushers in Sweeping Changes. Obermayer Rebmann Maxwell & Hippel LLP Attorneys At Law Retrieved on December 15, 2011 from www. obermayer. com/publications. php? action=views&id=200

Franklin D. Roosevelt Vs. Abraham Lincoln - 1948 Words

Franklin D. Roosevelt VS. Abraham Lincoln This paper will compare and contrast Franklin D. Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. I will compare and contrast both of their childhood and education. Then I will compare and contrast their presidency. This paper will also cover the similarities and differences on how they tried to improve our country and what they wanted to happen when they were in office. Finally, I will close with the similarities and differences about both of their deaths. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States. He became president in March of 1933. He led a big part in the World War Two . He died while he was still in office on April 12 1945 of a cerebral hemorrhage. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th†¦show more content†¦He also ran for Senate, but someone else won. But after that, he gained national recognition. They both were trying really hard to get into politics, and they seemed to be doing fine. The Roosevelt name and his new image helped him win the Vice-Presidential nomination in 1920. The Democrats had little hope for him winning. The number one similarity of these two presidents was that they were both presidents of the United States. Lincoln won on the 3rd ballot of the Presidential nomination in 1860. Lincoln was elected the 16th President on November 6, 1860. In 1930, Roosevelt began to campaign for the presidency. He started to run because the economic depression damaged Hoover, and it was a better chance for him to win. In 1932, Roosevelt won the nomination as the Democratic Party candidate for president. In November 1932, Roosevelt beat Hoover by seven million votes. They both wanted the best for the country and they tried their hardest to make the country the best it can be. There are so many differences between the two Presidents and what they had to do when they were in office. Lincoln really didnt have much to do compared to Roosevelt. 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