Solving Credit Problem Paper Solving Debt Problem

Solving Credit Problem Paper Anna is facing a financial problem in which she does not have an adequate amount of money to pay her monthly expenses. Just when she is living paycheck to paycheck, she is given a huge unexpected expense to pay a mechanic to fix her car. The major downside is she needs her car fixed, there is no way around it, as her car is the only way to and from work. This big financial hiccup in her month is causing Anne to have major anxiety and worry about where she is going to find the money to still survive and pay her bills, while paying this huge unexpected expense. Anna has a monthly net income of $1,642. She will now need to pay her secured debt first. This includes her rent which is $550. Leaving her with $1,092 monthly net income left. Next she should pay her car payment because there is no reason to pay a mechanic if she does not even have a car to drive. A car loan is also considered secured debt because a creditor has the right to take it if you do not pay your debt. Therefore, she s hould pay $152 for her car payment, leaving her with $940. Because she is needing her car for transpiration to and from work she should also pay the $112 for auto insurance. This will leave her with $828. Paying family necessities should always be paid first. Therefore, she will need money for food and personal/ household items. Anna agreed to cut down on her expenses and only buy necessities. She agreed to not eat out and cook from scratch which will save her a lotShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Debt For A Married Couples1416 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Final Paper December 06, 2015 Abstract This research paper examines the impact of debt for recently married couples. In this paper, you find the following topics, 1). Debt 2). Money-valuable resource 3). Reasons people create debt 4). Types of debts 5). Ways debts affect a couple martial satisfactions 6). Effect of debt on your health 7). Improving relationship 8). Opportunity- Married Couples 9). Tips for getting out of debt 10). Conclusion. Key words: debt, martial satisfactionRead MorePromoting Responsibility in Lending: An End to Foreclosed Homes1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe problems of the American economy are growing every day. An economy in ruins causes ripple effects within the country; whether it is an increase in crime, borrowing money, or the loss of jobs. One of the most devastating effects of the economic problems we are facing is the one directly related to their cause: the foreclosure crisis. More than 2.7 million homes have been foreclosed since 2007, and the number continues to climb. One of the first steps to solving the crisis is identifying how itRead MoreGrowing Up Digital By John Seely Brown1132 Words   |  5 Pagesbe the most popular form of learning resource for online courses despite not being a requirement for gaining credit nor part of prescribed activities . 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But, because of large variety between the business structure that Santander comes across there are many problems with their decision making process. It is hard to understand each financial and economic division per business per country, because of the level of differences between countries. The decision to continue to unite or expand these divisions and goRead More4541 Answer Key Midterm W132207 Words   |  9 Pagesordering bacon in quantities of 10,000 kg because o f the quantity discount. McDonalds has already been ordering optimally! Question 2 (15 marks) a. (5 marks) Annual trade credit interest rate = 0.5644 or 56.44% As the borrowing rate is 20%, McDonalds should take the cash discount and pay in 10 days. b. (5 marks) Annual trade credit interest rate = 0.08193 or 8.193% As the borrowing rate is 20%, McDonalds should not take the cash discount and pay in 50 days. c. (2 marks) PVDC = -96,471.39 (2 marks)Read MoreBank Of Americ A Big Name For A Finance Company1140 Words   |  5 PagesMGMT 117 Paper 2 Bank of America has always been a big name for a finance company in the United States. My mother has actually worked for the company for over 23 years, and has always informed me that they are a terrible organization. Therefore, I should not have been surprised when they appeared in the book, as one of many famous companies that have received subsidies on the basis of creating new jobs, only to layoff its employees shortly thereafter. 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Ultimately, Enron became bankrupt, and the scandal was one of Americas largest accounting investigations into a firms illegal accounting practices and their attempt to conceal it from the shareholders and credit lenders. Divulging themselves into the scandal and solving the problems at hand

Israel Cultural Analysis Essays - 800 Words

The purpose of this memo is to investigate the similarities and differences between the United States and Israel’s cultural and business aspects. Differences Between the United States and Israel Primary cultural aspects of the United States The United States still has the idea of Manifest Destiny. The U.S. individualism; Individuals believe to have a control of the future, resulting in a systematic way of doing things. It is very important to be on time to any kind of meeting or event –Time is money (Usa- language, culture,, ). Hard work and efficiency are also engraved in the U.S. culture. It is believed that with hard work one will accomplish their goals and objectives. The United States is very diverse and has a lot of†¦show more content†¦This is an advantage, because it leaves little room for misunderstanding therefore becoming very effective. Israel is a country that is very open to entrepreneurship; this means that they will most likely be open to hear new ideas for products or businesses. Israel has a pretty strong economy and stable political system; this is also a strength when doing business i n a foreign country. One of the weaknesses is that businesspeople from the United States might not share the same views on certain aspects (such as the role of women), and this may cause some conflict. However, overall women in Israel do hold important positions and roles that are also carried by men (Salk, 2005). Another thing to keep in mind when doing business with Israel is that religion plays an important role in their life. When taking potential clients or partners to dinners there are certain things to keep in mind such as whether they do not eat certain things or they only eat kosher foods, etc. Not having these things in mind can cause a bad impression making the lack of knowledge a weakness for the partnership.Show MoreRelatedSocio-Cultural Analysis Of Israel. Sgt Bush. Alc Class706 Words   |  3 Pages SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF ISRAEL SGT Bush ALC Class 004-17 NCO Academy SFC Hunsecker Socio-cultural analysis of Israel Culture, defined by the Cambridge english dictionary states that culture is the way of life. Especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time. Culture can be broken down into five major characteristics, which are customs, values, religion, government, and ideas. 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I would argue that this conveys deeper meaning to the viewer because of the personal journeyRead More Understanding the Benefits of Ethnic Divide Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesdownside to this is th e possibility of a societys ignorance to the greater picture or, rather, the future effects on economy and the civilization towards which we hold such value. It is obvious, especially in light of certain economic and undying cultural facts, that this adamant dream of bringing together the varying mismatched groups of the world population is not only futile -- when considering that it is in our nature as human beings to define and rationalize our surroundings by recognizing theRead More`` A Theology `` : Is Christian Theology A Pile Of Dead Bones?1011 Words   |  5 Pagesrise of modernity, a technological shift has allowed our society to be more interconnected than ever. The supercomputers that we call cell phones can connect us to one another, to information, and to cultural developments almost instantaneously. However, also following this rise of modernity is a cultural drift that manifests itself as the fall of Christendom, or the divorce between gospel and Greco-Roman civilizat ion that make them as disconnected as ever. The challenges of nihilism and the historical-criticalRead MoreWhy I Ukrainian Art As A Multicultural Society821 Words   |  4 Pagesin total 411 Ukrainian items. For her data analysis she used model developed by (35) LeCompte and Schensul, who voted for categorizing objects according to three levels: item, pattern and structural levels. She categorized art objects according to their types, geographical origin, functions, means of acquisition, and meanings. In the result of her study Anna received big amount of quantitative data that she placed in tables in accordance with her analysis criteria. Her findings are based on empirical

Diversified companies advantages n disadvantages free essay sample

Diversified companies: A company that has multiple, unrelated businesses. Unrelated businesses are those which require unique management expertise, have different end customers and produce different products or provide different services. -Some of the most well-known diversified companies include Hitachi, Toshiba and Lotte Group – which consists of over 60 business units, engaged in such diverse industries as candy manufacturing, hotels, fast food, retail, financial services, heavy chemicals, electronics, IT, publishing, and entertainment. Or in Vietnam: Hoang Anh Gia Lai group which start up as small furniture producer then the company diversified into other industries such as: rubber, football financial.. -Advantages: †¢One of the benefits of being a diversified company is that it buffers a company from dramatic fluctuations in any one industry sector †¢Companies that are diversified are more likely to see connections between different markets that can be exploited, for example, because they are active in multiple markets and they track trends carefully. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversified companies: advantages n disadvantages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diversification can also allow a company to keep up with changing market dynamics more quickly. -Disadvantages: †¢Diversification has the highest level of risk and requires the most careful investigation. Going into an unknown market with an unfamiliar product offering means a lack of experience in the new skills and techniques required. Therefore, the company puts itself in a great uncertainty. This model is also less likely to enable stockholders to realize significant gains or losses because it is not singularly focused on one business. -Because of the high risks explained above, many companies attempting to diversify have led to failure. However, there are a few good examples of successful diversification: †¢Walt Disney moved from producing animated movies to theme parks and vacation properties †¢Canon diversified from a camera-making company into producing an entirely new range of office equipment.

The Direct Method

Table of Contents Introduction Principles of the direct teaching method Reasons for preference of the direct method Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Different people will choose different methods of teaching new languages depending on the convenience they attribute to the method. The direct method has been a common preference for many people due to its direct contact with the student and its ability to ensure that the content is clearly understood by the learner. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Direct Method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this method the teaching is done entirely in the target language (Stewart et al. 120). The direct method emphasizes more on good pronunciation and avoids grammar rules as well. Also known as the natural method, the direct method entails a full participation of the students in terms of listening and speaking of the language. In terms of the process, the direct method involves the gradual acquisition of the vocabularies and the grammatical structure as well. Here, the learner is taught to think more in terms of the target language, as opposed to the use of translation. Principles of the direct teaching method The direct method relies on a number of factors for it to be effective. It is based on the following principles (qtd. in Englemann 90): Classroom instructions are conducted exclusively in the target language. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught during the initial phase; grammar, reading and writing are introduced in intermediate phase. Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes. Grammar is taught inductively. New teaching points are introduced orally. Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary is taught by association of ideas. Both speech and listening comprehensions are taught. Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized. Student should be speaking at least 80% of the time during the lesson. Students are taught from inception to ask questions as well as answer them. Reasons for preference of the direct method Experienced teachers have clearly explained that in order for a student to understand, what matters is not the teacher but the teaching method used by the teacher. The direct method works well with the instructor because it gives him the chance to give instructions in the target language. This enables the student, too, to learn the language faster because they get used to hearing the same language for long and therefore they develop good speaking skills by hearing every word from the instructor’s mouth (Swanson and Sachse-Lee 125). It is also an active teaching method; where the instructor interacts directly in the same language with the student, and he can easily identify the areas w here the student needs more attention. Conclusion In actual teaching, I would mostly borrow and encourage the aspect of asking and answering questions. It is a very helpful method of interactive teaching. The students ask questions and their fellow colleague’s responds to them, since the higher percentage of the class time should be taken by the students speaking in the target language (Mills et al. 94). Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The teacher answers the ones which challenge the students. It points out the areas where the students have understood and the areas where they still have difficulties in understanding. This gives a hint to the teacher on the areas he should put more emphasis on (Kim and Axelrod 112). On addressing the questions for a second time the teacher may then decide to issue a written test to gauge the students’ performance and level of understanding. It therefore ensures that all the students understand the course content and they have an opportunity to ask questions in the difficult areas. Works Cited Englemann, Siergfried. ‘Relating operant techniques to programming and teaching’. Journal of School Psychology, 6 (1968): 89-90. Kim, Thomas and Axelrod, Saul. ‘Direct Instruction: An Educators’ Guide and a Plea for Action’. The Behavior Analyst Today, 6.2 (2005): 111-113. Marchand-Martella, Nancy and Martella, Ronald. ‘An Overview and Research Summary of Peer-Delivered Corrective Reading’. The Behavior Analyst Today, 32 (2002): 214-21.5. Mills, Puelette, Cole, Kelvin, Jenkins, Joseph. and Dale, Philip. ‘Early exposure to Direct Instruction and subsequent juvenile delinquency: a prospective examination’. Exceptional Children, 6.9 (2002): 85-97. Stewart, Robert, Martella, Rachel, Marchand-Martella, Nancy and Benner, George. ‘Advertising We will wr ite a custom research paper sample on The Direct Method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Three-Tier Models of Reading and Behavior’. JEIBI, 2.3 (2005): 115-123. Swanson, Henry and Sachse-Lee, Chris. ‘A Meta-Analysis of Single-Subject-Design Intervention- Research for Students with LD’. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33.2 (2005): 114-136. This research paper on The Direct Method was written and submitted by user Gianna Jennings to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Get Help from Your Professor

How to Get Help from Your Professor Few students make it through college or graduate school without seeking assistance from a professor for help at one time or another. In fact, its important to seek help rather than let problems fester and intensify. So, how do you approach a professor for one-on-one time? First, lets look at common reasons students seek assistance. Why Seek Help? What are common reasons why you might seek out professors for assistance? Youve fallen behind in class because of illnessYouve failed a test or assignment and do not understand the course materialYou have questions about the requirements of a given assignmentYou need advice on the subject of your majorYou cannot reach the class teaching assistant during his or her posted hoursYou need clarification on policies and/or schedules OK, so there are lots of reasons to seek assistance from professors. Why Do Students Avoid Seeking Professors Help?Sometimes students avoid asking for assistance or meeting with their professors because theyre embarrassed or intimidated. What are common anxieties experienced by students? Feeling out of the loop after missing several classesFear of asking a dumb questionFear of confrontationShynessDiscomfort over approaching a professor of a different age, gender, race, or cultureTendency to avoid interactions with those in authority If youre going to progress as a student and especially if you wish to attend graduate school, you must set your intimidation aside and ask for the help that you need. How to Approach Your Professor Contact. Determine the preferred mode of contact; check the course syllabus as professors indicate their preferred methods of contact and related information. Ask yourself: Is this urgent? If so, then contact by phone or stopping by his or her office during office hours is probably the most logical step. Otherwise, you can try e-mail. Wait a few days for a response (remember that teaching is a professors job, so dont expect replies over evenings, weekends, or holidays). Plan. Check the syllabus for the professors office hours and policies before you make your request so that you are already familiar with their schedule. If the professor requests that you return at another time, do your best to meet at a time which is convenient for him or her (e.g., during office hours). Dont ask a professor to go out of his or her way to meet you at a time that is inconvenient because professors have many more responsibilities than teaching (e.g., lots of meetings within the department, university, and community). Ask. Asking is the only way to learn your professors preferences. Say something like, Professor Smith, I need a few minutes of your time so that you can help me with a question/problem Im having with ___. Is this a good time, or can we set up something that is more convenient for you? Keep it short and to the point. Prepare for Your Meeting Pull your thoughts together beforehand (as well as all of your course materials). Preparation will permit you to remember to ask all of the questions that you need to be answered and arrive with confidence to your meeting. Questions. If you are anxious at all about talking with your professor, prepare a list of your questions beforehand. Be efficient and try to accomplish everything in one meeting, rather than coming back time and time again with further questions. Materials. Bring your class notes and syllabus with you to refer to, if you have questions specifically related to course materials so that you have all the details you need. If you need to refer to a textbook, bookmark the pages that you will need to refer to so you can get to them quickly. Notes. Come prepared to take notes (i.e., bring a pen and paper to your meeting). Notes will help you record and remember the responses to your questions and prevent you from asking the same questions later in the course. At the Meeting Be punctual. Punctuality signifies respect for your professors time. Do not arrive early or late. Most professors are pressed for time. If you need to meet with your professor again, ask him or her if you can set up another appointment, following the suggestions above. Use the appropriate form of address. Unless your professor has indicated otherwise, address him or her by last name and with the appropriate title (e.g., Professor, Doctor). Show some gratitude. Always thank the professor for his or her time and express any gratitude that you feel is appropriate for the specific help that he or she has provided. This rapport will leave the door open for future appointments.

Analysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson

Analysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson When Shirley Jacksons chilling story The Lottery was first published in 1948 in The New Yorker, it generated more letters than any work of fiction the magazine had ever published. Readers were furious, disgusted, occasionally curious, and almost uniformly bewildered. The public outcry over the story can be attributed, in part, to The New Yorkers practice at the time of publishing works without identifying them as fact or fiction. Readers were also presumably still reeling from the horrors of World War II. Yet, though times have changed and we all now know the story is fiction, The Lottery has maintained its grip on readers decade after decade. The Lottery is one of the most widely known stories in American literature and American culture. It has been adapted for radio, theater, television, and even ballet. The Simpsons television show included a reference to the story in its Dog of Death episode (season three). The Lottery is available to subscribers of The New Yorker and is also available in The Lottery and Other Stories, a collection of Jacksons work with an introduction by the writer A. M. Homes. You can hear Homes read and discuss the story with fiction editor Deborah Treisman at The New Yorker for free. Plot Summary The Lottery takes place on June 27, a beautiful summer day, in a small New England village where all the residents are gathering for their traditional annual lottery. Though the event first appears festive, it soon becomes clear that no one wants to win the lottery. Tessie Hutchinson seems unconcerned about the tradition until her family draws the dreaded mark. Then she protests that the process wasnt fair. The winner, it turns out, will be stoned to death by the remaining residents. Tessie wins, and the story closes as the villagers- including her own family members- begin to throw rocks at her. Dissonant Contrasts The story achieves its terrifying effect primarily through Jacksons skillful use of contrasts, through which she keeps the readers expectations at odds with the action of the story. The picturesque setting contrasts sharply with the horrific violence of the conclusion. The story takes place on a beautiful summer day with flowers blossoming profusely and the grass richly green. When the boys begin gathering stones, it seems like typical, playful behavior, and readers might imagine that everyone has gathered for something pleasant like a picnic or a parade. Just as fine weather and family gatherings might lead us to expect something positive, so, too, does the word lottery, which usually implies something good for the winner. Learning what the winner really gets is all the more horrifying because we have expected the opposite. Like the peaceful setting, the villagers casual attitude as they make small talk- some even cracking jokes- belies the violence to come. The narrators perspective seems completely aligned with the villagers, so events are narrated in the same matter-of-fact, everyday manner that the villagers use. The narrator notes, for instance, that the town is small enough that the lottery can be through in time to allow the villagers to get home for noon dinner. The men stand around talking of ordinary concerns like planting and rain, tractors and taxes. The lottery, like the square dances, the teenage club, the Halloween program, is just another of the civic activities conducted by Mr. Summers. Readers may find that the addition of murder makes the lottery quite different from a square dance, but the villagers and the narrator evidently do not. Hints of Unease If the villagers were thoroughly numb to the violence- if Jackson had misled her readers entirely about where the story was heading- I dont think The Lottery would still be famous. But as the story progresses, Jackson gives escalating clues to indicate that something is amiss. Before the lottery starts, the villagers keep their distance from the stool with the black box on it, and they hesitate when Mr. Summers asks for help. This is not necessarily the reaction you might expect from people who are looking forward to the lottery. It also seems somewhat unexpected that the villagers talk as if drawing the tickets is difficult work that requires a man to do it. Mr. Summers asks Janey Dunbar, Dont you have a grown boy to do it for you, Janey? And everyone praises the Watson boy for drawing for his family. Glad to see your mothers got a man to do it, says someone in the crowd. The lottery itself is tense. People do not look around at each other. Mr. Summers and the men drawing slips of paper grin at one another nervously and humorously. On first reading, these details might strike the reader as odd, but they can be explained in a variety of ways for instance, that people are very nervous because they want to win. Yet when Tessie Hutchinson cries, It wasnt fair! readers realize there has been an undercurrent of tension and violence in the story all along. What Does The Lottery Mean? As with many stories, there have been countless interpretations of The Lottery. For instance, the story has been read as a comment on World War II or as a Marxist critique of an entrenched social order. Many readers find Tessie Hutchinson to be a reference to Anne Hutchinson, who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious reasons. (But its worth noting that Tessie doesnt really protest the lottery on principle- she protests only her own death sentence.) Regardless of which interpretation you favor, The Lottery is, at its core, a story about the human capacity for violence, especially when that violence is couched in an appeal to tradition or social order. Jacksons narrator tells us that no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. But although the villagers like to imagine that theyre preserving tradition, the truth is that they remember very few details, and the box itself is not the original. Rumors swirl about songs and salutes, but no one seems to know how the tradition started or what the details should be. The only thing that remains consistent is the violence, which gives some indication of the villagers priorities (and perhaps all of humanitys). Jackson writes, Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones. One of the starkest moments in the story is when the narrator bluntly states, A stone hit her on the side of the head. From a grammatical standpoint, the sentence is structured so that no one actually threw the stone- its as if the stone hit Tessie of its own accord. All the villagers participate (even giving Tessies young son some pebbles to throw), so no one individually takes responsibility for the murder. And that, to me, is Jacksons most compelling explanation of why this barbaric tradition manages to continue.

Penitentiary Ideal and Models of American Prison Essay

Penitentiary Ideal and Models of American Prison - Essay Example They were based on rehabilitating an individual both emotionally and mentally which set in contrast with the physical punishments practiced in typical jails. The most important goal of the penitentiary was to develop habits of industry in an inmate convicted of felony by the enforcement of rules and practice of humane punishments. There were two types of American prison models popular in the history named the Pennsylvania and Auburn models. What with the obscene cleaning conditions and inhuman punishments practiced in the Auburn prison model, both mind and body of a prisoner can get contaminated so that the chances of rejoining the society as a healthy individual plummet down for an incarcerated individual. Now, the Pennsylvania prison model introduced by the state of Pennsylvania almost from the start has been considered by the prison researchers to be closer to what could be called ideal as its â€Å"goals were toward the  development  of more humane procedures and practices dealing with criminals† (Experts column, 2012). The practical implementation of this idea stressed on keeping the prisoners separated from each other and treating them in isolation unlike the auburn system in which the jails are always overcrowded with every kind of inmates. It is claimed by Foster (2005) that good intentions underlined the formation of the Pennsylvania model which used Quaker reformative imprisonment as a way of treating inmates. Quaker reformative imprisonment focused on â€Å"isolation of inmates, fair treatment, and opportunity for work, reflection and reformation† (Foster, 2005). The benefits offered by this rehabilitative model in contrast to the Auburn model were that there was less chance for an inmate of getting severely physically harmed, there was no overcrowding, there was cleanliness, and efforts were made to reform the inmates mentally also. The disadvantages of the Auburn system are that more severe punishments

Mapping the War of 1812 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mapping the War of 1812 - Assignment Example As well, the economy of the fledgling American state was suffering due to restricted European trading (The Star, 2012). It was in Thames that General Henry Proctor, a British General, took a stand against the advancing Americans. Although small, this battle was to have consequences that affected not only the British and Americans, but also the Aboriginals of Canada. General Proctor had retreated from Detroit as he had little supplies and his military command capabilities were inadequate to meet the needs of the situation or to marshal and guide the forces under his command. The Americans advanced from the south, where they had just won the Battle of Lake Erie under Captain Oliver H. Perry (The Royal Canadian Geographical Society, 2011). Flush with victory, they were a force that General Proctor was reluctant to tackle. Chief Tecumseh, the great Shawnee war chief did not agree with Proctor’s decision to retreat. He feared that the advance of the Americans would adversely affect the Aboriginal communities west of Detroit and in the whole northwest. Proctor assured Chief Tecumseh that the army would make a stand against the Americans and the Shawnee war chief had little choice but to follow him. The Americans landed near Amherstburg and slowly followed Proctor’s retreating forces. Meanwhile, Proctor failed to order the destruction of access points such as bridges. In Thames, Ontario, Proctor took his stand. The Aboriginals were positioned to the right of the British, in the swamp, where, after the British were routed by the Americans and had surrendered, the Aboriginal warriors fought valiantly against the mounted American army. Chief Tecumseh and another Aboriginal leader, Chief Stiahta, were killed in this battle and the Aboriginal warriors were left leaderless and disheartened. Over 200 British soldiers managed to escape to northern Lake Ontario, leaving behind over 600 killed or captured (The

Causes of Air Pollution Essay Example for Free

Causes of Air Pollution Essay There are several main causes of air pollution, the vast majority of them can be attributed to man. Some natural sources of air pollution include forest fires, dust storms, and volcanic eruptions. Plants such as ragweed contaminate the air with pollen. Decaying leaves and other forms of vegetation release gases that contribute to air pollution and cause haze. (Morgan) Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, and biological matter that cause harm to humans, other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment. Stratospheric ozone depletion (contributed to air pollution) has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth’s ecosystems. The Earth is capable of cleaning itself of a certain level of pollution, but man-made pollutant have become too numerous for the Earth’s natural mechanisms to remove. We are seeing the results of this overload in the form of acid rain, smog, and the variety of health problems that can be contributed to our environment. (Godish) One of the main causes of air pollution is manufacturing. This source of pollution spews particulate matter and chemicals into the atmosphere. The exhaust from a factory includes, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, as well as volatile organic compounds and particulates. There is not an area of the Earth’s atmosphere or an ecosystem that has not been altered by the long term effects of the pollution created by manufacturing. Strides have been made to filter the material coming from manufacturing plants, but it may take the Earth millennia to completely recover from the damage already done. (universe) A surprisingly link may exist between ocean fertility and air pollution over land, according to Georgia Institute of Technology research reported in the Feb. 16 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. The work provides new insight into the role that ocean fertility plays in the complex cycle involving carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in global warming. (Cain) Finally, the burning of fossil fuels is a part of everyday life of every human on the planet. We burn fossil fuels in our cars, fossil fuel is burned to extract fossil fuel from the Earth, and fossil fuel is used to process fossil fuel into its individual components. Every step of the way releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and particulates into the air. Each step in the process increases the number of asthma cases in the world, raises a person’s chance of having cancer, and increases the chance that your child will be born with congenital defects. (Turco) References Cain, Fraser. (2005). Air Pollution Linked to Growth of Life in Oceans. Retrieved from http://www.universetoday.com/10263/air-pollution-linked-to-gr Godish, Thad. 1997. Air Quality, 3rd ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl. Morgan, M. T. (2003). Environmental Health, (3rd ed.). Belmont: CA: Wadsworth Turco, Richard P. 2001. Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.

My Educational Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Teachers Essays

My Educational Philosophy My decision to become a teacher isn’t because of a lifelong wish or even a childhood dream. My educational experience during childhood left me, for many years, feeling very indifferent towards the teaching profession. I grew up in a very rural area and the schools that I attended didn’t attract the best of teachers. Although I always tested marginally above average on standardized tests, my grades were mediocre and my attitude concerning my education rated a big, fat â€Å"F†. I wasn’t challenged, inspired, or motivated by any of the teachers that I encountered during my years in school. Maybe there were those who tried to reach out to me but I wasn’t interested. Whatever the case, I graduated high school with no thought of ever becoming a teacher and with the attitude that education wasn’t important. Several years later, as my children started attending school, my view concerning teachers gradually started to change. Through volunteering and being at the school s quite often I began to see how wonderful teachers can be, as the majority of the teachers that I came in contact with seemed to be very passionate about their jobs. This was foreign to me—caring teachers! It wasn’t long before I was in awe of the profession and I wanted to do MY part. I wanted to contribute what I could in attempt to obliterate childhood educational experiences such as mine. After all, anyone can sit back and criticize teachers and the education system. But, if you are going to criticize you must be ready to get involved to create change. That is exactly what I decided to do. Another huge catalyst for me in this process was that I wanted to set an example for my children to follow. How could I challenge them to do their best and to pursue college when I was not a college grad uate myself? The answer I came up with was to re-enter the academic world after fourteen years of absence. As you can guess from my brief testimony, my philosophy concerning education is eclectic in nature and centers naturally around the aspects of self-esteem and motivation. These two words go hand in hand. If children feel good about themselves, and are encouraged, they will be motivated to do their best.

Employee Satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction Essay

This thesis will be based on my current and previous practical experience combined with the theoretical basis that I have acquired through the modules on Academy business school. I have 8 years of management experience in retail, but in the last 3 years being employed as a personal assistant for my son who was born with a physical disability. 1 October 2012 I have been employed part-time as a sales assistant in the newly opened shoe Tops, located in Aalborg Mall. My point of view in this project will be from the perspective of the owner / management since my prerequisites for this are realistic and that in the future I have ambitions again to get a job at this level. Presentation of TOPS in Aalborg Shopping Eurosko a purchasing cooperative consisting of independent skohandlere working together on purchasing and marketing. These skohandlerer operated under the name TOPS. This cooperation is intended to give members a better overall economy to meet the increasing competition in the retail industry. The shops sells private labels and various brands of Danish suppliers. TOPS products are designed for the average consumer, and the target audience is the whole family. Product labels within private labels are as follows: Ralf Boston, Taxi, Adi, Mary B and Between. The new Tops store in Aalborg shopping center is located in the new extension which has the name Nygade (pink street). This street connects the input A (main entrance at the grocery store) and input B (input opposite Steak Jensen / Nibevej). Shoe store TOPS is funded by Thorkild Hansen, who every day is trade able boss in Aars. It is his daughter Camilla Hansen, store manager / owner of the new store. They both have a history from the hardware store industry. In the shop there is employed a sales manager, a full-time sales assistant and one part-time sales assistant. You are aware that you have to have some hourly paid sales assistants to cover crooked hours. However, one would first look for the urgent need before hiring more. The store is located in North Jutland most attractive retail area in the city south of Aalborg. The competition here is tremendous, from German Deichmann to skokà ¦derne Skoringen and PAW SHOES. Grocery store is also a major competitor, while the overall industry slippage, as retailers fierce competition is to blame in. The hard struggle with the center of Aalborg has been going on ever since opening in 1997, and it’s just a matter of time before one can proclaim City South and Aalborg Shopping Center as the victor. City Southern and Aalborg Shopping Center is marketplace for all over Gauteng. The clients who come to Aalborg Mall comes with the purpose to spend money. Unlike customers in the city center, where there are many â€Å"shoppers†. Problem Argumentation In a store like TOPS in Aalborg shopping center, there are many challenges for Camilla Hansen. Problem of the project will be based on one of the issues that are most central to the management, namely the motivation of the staff. Why is it such an important issue? One of the things that can explain the motivation question is the aforementioned competition as TOPS face. Is the sales staff not motivated to provide the best service when they meet customers, customers’ needs are met in one of the competing shoe stores. There are also other elements such as indirect challenge my question about motivation. These I will elaborate on below. The increasing competition in the retail and policies have been elements in the environment that have helped to pave the way for the long opening hours. This development is currently further escalated with the abolition of the Shops Act 1 October 2012. Another challenge is the union HP, which puts pressure on employers to their employees come to work under some decent conditions, with regard to working hours. At the same time include the cost structure in the retail industry, where labor costs and rent are the greatest. Since the wage cost is the only one who in a short time can be changed, it is here, it is very focused. Rationalisation and maximum benefits of the employees are daily challenge in retail. It obviously has not done better after the financial crisis in 2008. The demand for goods has fallen / stagnated and the demand there is, is not the same as before. At the same time discount concepts in many cases prospered due to the crisis. In the wake of these above mentioned elements have TOPS a need for the core of employees who are employed must be highly effective. Performance would with store personnel must be high, even in the long run. Therefore, it is important to achieve a sustained high staff motivation in TOPS. I therefore think it appropriate to make visible how the job should be structured so as to achieve a high intrinsic motivation of the employees. However, one must create a culture that supports the motivation. Succeeded this, then the employees will eventually provide the same high level. Problem Formulation It is a challenge for management that structures the right job design for the team in the shop, so to create a sustained high level of motivation. This will form the basis for the desired high level of performance. I therefore do the following: Explain the job characteristics model, in relation to the employees of Tops in Aalborg Mall. Provide an analysis of the elements to create a high MPS. Find out what basic assumptions that support a high MPS. Make suggestions for how to achieve sustained high MPS. The method Science Theoretical approach The knowledge / theory which I create in the project is based on social constructionism. My new preconception will therefore be formed by the auto poetry system for which the employee is in TOPS. The way in which the theory is formed on the deductive because my curiosity is based on a theoretical model and problem formulation. The method is the hermeneutical spiral, as my practical / theoretical presuppositions will be further developed through a qualitative method (depth interviews). This illustrates thanks to my depth interviews. First I ask my questions, then I ask detailed questions to their answers. This forms a new pre-understanding, which in turn contributes to a deeper level of understanding. This truth can be characterized as being causal explanatory. This provides functional explanations are operationalized through the quantitative method (questionnaire). Thus, I see the questionnaire as a hypothetical method. The hermeneutic process are processed through circular thinking. This theoretical system finally my deeper level of understanding will be provided by exploring patterns of attitudes of the individuals in TOPS. My interest is to see how employees and management mutually influence each other. This I find out each actor’s share in relation to the questions that my problem formulation contains. Selection of theory: Motivation Theory Motivation Theory is a very broad theoretical area. The models describe the area very differently from simple to concrete and detailed. Overall divided motivation theory for the following two areas: Process Theories Content Theories Process theories are based on the differences that applies to the employee’s behavior. The theory describes elements to be addressed in order to get employees to acquire a certain behavior. Content theory concentrates on the needs of the employee and that the behavior is the same from person to person. Need fulfillment creates the motivation that causes the employee to perform a particular behavior (Major intrinsic motivation = better sales performance). I have decided that my topic motivation must be based on job characteristics model, which is made by Hackman and Oldham. I do so because it is necessary to take into account the differences in employee behavior. Otherwise, I would not in practice distinguish between kinds of different factors that motivate employees to TOPS. So they just had the same external and internal work environment, to be equally motivated in their work. The theory will form the basis for the solution of the projects’ problem. At the same time it will be my starting point, to account for the motivation of employees through job design. Job characteristics model is to provide a common understanding of my explanation of how to design the job so that employees acquire the particular behavior (Major intrinsic motivation = better sales performance). Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model This thesis will be based on the version of the book â€Å"Motivation† is written by Helle Hein. This issue compared to the textbook is that there are some minor differences in how the moderators are defined. The model is based on some core job characteristics that form the basis for the ideal job design. Problem definition Question 1 deals with the exposition of the model in relation to the employees of TOPS. Presentation of the model will be done through in-depth interviews with employees. Based on depth interviews I will make a questionnaire to determine the factors that contribute to give a high motivation potential score (question 2). Model moderators will also be involved, as there are some providers elements that affect the fact that not all people react similarly to the job design. There are some barriers as a result of the fact that you do not get the best result, although job design is ideal. The moderators will also be explained through depth interviews (question 1). The model also contains the element of the critical psychological states, which will not be included in my project. This has no direct connection to my problem statement. I assume that when the optimal job design is achieved, as well as fulfillment of the moderators, so it will have a positive outcome (high motivation = good sales performance). Criticism of Hackman and Oldham In the book, motivation is a few points on which job characteristics model are criticized. I will only highlight the criticism points Helle Hein mentions in her book that influence in my project. The factors which constitute the core job characteristics are difficult to understand and distinguish between, for those who have to deal with any questions. This is one reason why I choose depth interview as my method of data collection. Respondent may help to understand the issues, which helps to strengthen the information collected. The theory does not affect factor of social relations. Therefore, I believe that the model has a major weakness in this area. The relationship to one’s colleagues is very important in a store like TOPS, where there are not many employees. It is important to feel like part of the community when you show up at work. Failure to do so, and you feel that is a bad mood, you will naturally seek new challenges. This will lead to an ideal job design does not work. Hertzberg theory takes high of social relations, and would have been better in this area. This theory, I squint a little in my statement (question 1). In my hypothesis, I touch on the concept of MPS. Helle Hein questioning whether one using a formula and theory can design the best possible job design to an employee. It is one of the concepts used in my project. Therefore, the same criticisms apply here. Hackman and Oldham theory is developed at the beginning of industrialization in the United States until the 1970s when the authors formulated the theory. As it developed it was the starting point for the theory not the retail industry, which means that in some cases, it will not always fit completely with the fact that I daily find myself in. Cultural Theory Theory scope of the concept of culture has many approaches. Here there are for example Hofstede. This theorist is based on civic culture. He believes that an organization’s culture is created on the basis of, for example, the country or region in which it is located in. The theory here is based on a number of opposing elements that help to characterize the culture. An example of this could be that the culture of TOPS will bear the mark of masculinity rather than the feminine. This is because you are very sales and performance oriented. Another theorists is Schein. This theory is built into a funnel model which is divided into 3 layers. The top are artifacts, which is a description of the physical conditions in which an outside person can see with the naked eye. The next layer is the values. This layer describes the employee proved doing to emphasize culture both internally and external. The last layer is called as basic assumptions, the conduct which they unconsciously without even thinking about it. The basic assumption being made by the leader. A third theory is the Deal and Kennedy’s cultural model. This theory is based on the market to which the organization finds itself in. The theory describes two dimensions, each with their opposing extremes. These being high risk / low risk or timely feedback / slow feedback. Here are TOPS in the dimension which is characterized by low risk and rapid feedback. In trade with each customer’s risk low if it failed. At the same time you get rapid feedback on sales because you can constantly follow it. Overall, it is appropriate to use the Deal and Kennedy to describe culture as the retail industry is very market specific. This will also be my approach. But to describe the culture internally, I will build on Schein funnel model, because this model is more up rational. At the same time, the shop is starting, and I therefore believe that it is the store manager, who through her actions and attitudes create culture. Furthermore, it is also the one who owns the shop and is the pioneer. In a pioneering company, it is usually the owner’s attitudes and opinions that characterize the corporate culture.

Caring for People with Additional Needs Essay

Introduction In my AO1 ‘caring for people with additional needs’ portfolio I am going to provide and clearly display in great detail information and understanding of three causes of additional needs. I will do this by researching a range of sources to get in dept information. Then I will provide an explanation with great content of the effects on people who are in need of these services due to their additional needs. Finally, I intend to record in depth and show understanding of each stage of the care management process and evaluate how it is used to access, plan, implement, monitor and review individual care plans. Definition of disability â€Å"A physical or mental impairment, which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on a person’s ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.† (http://www.equalityni.org) What is a physical disability? People with physical disabilities, also known as disabled people or physically disabled people, have a physical impairment which has a substantial and long term effect on their ability to carry our day-to-day activities. Someone with a moderate physical disability would have mobility problems, e.g. unable to manage stairs, and need aids or assistance to walk. Someone with a severe physical disability would be unable to walk and dependent on a carer for mobility. Depending on their individual needs, disabled people may require an accessible home, with or without aids and adaptations. Occupational therapists will assess an individual person’s needs for these, and refer the person on to the appropriate agency to have adaptations carried out. Care & Repair Services help disabled owner occupiers and private tenants to have adaptations carried out. (http://www.firststopcareadvice.org.uk) What is a sensory disability? A sensory disability is when one of your senses; sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste or spatial awareness, is no longer normal. For example, if you wear glasses you have a slight impairment. If you find it hard to hear then you have a hearing impairment. You don’t have to have completely lost a sense to be sensory impaired. (http://www.staffordshirecares.info) What is a Learning disability? A learning disability affects the way a person learns new things in any area of life, not just at school. Find out how a learning disability can affect someone, and who can offer support. It affects the way they understand information and how they communicate. This means they can have difficulty: †¢ Understanding new or complex information †¢ Learning new skills, and †¢ Coping independently â€Å"In practical terms,† says Lesley Campbell from the learning disability charity Mencap, â€Å"a learning disability means that it’s harder for your child to learn, understand and communicate than it is for other children.† A learning disability is not the same as learning difficulty or mental illness. â€Å"People get confused if they start using the term ‘learning difficulty’. In education this means things like dyslexia, which is not a learning disability,† says Campbell. â€Å"Our definition of learning disabilities focuses on people who have difficulty learning across more than one area of their life. It’s not just to do with reading or writing.† (http://www.nhs.uk) The three conditions I have chosen to focus on are Down’s syndrome that is caused by a chromosomal disorder, cerebral palsy that is caused by damage before and after birth and diabetes that is caused by a disease and medical condition. Firstly I am going to research Downs’s syndrome, which is caused by a chromosomal disorder. Down’s syndrome is a genetic disorder that was named after John Langdon Down, the doctor who first recognised it as a distinct condition in 1866.Down’s syndrome affects a baby’s normal physical development and causes moderate to severe learning difficulties. It is a lifelong condition that develops when a baby is still in the womb (uterus). Children who are born with Down’s syndrome also have a higher chance of developing other conditions, some of which are life threatening. (http://www.nhs.uk) Down’s syndrome (DS), also called Trisomy 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. The physical features and medical problems associated with Down’s syndrome can vary widely from child to child. While some children with Down’s syndrome need a lot of medical attention, others lead healthy lives. Though Down’s syndrome can’t be prevented, it can be detected before a child is born. The health problems that may go along with Down’s syndrome can be treated, and many resources are available to help children and their families who are living with the condition. (http://kidshealth.org) Downs syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs in approximately 1 of 800 live births. It is uncommon in the UK, for example, from 2007 to 2008, 1,843 cases of Down’s syndrome were diagnosed during pregnancy, and 743 babies were born with the condition. Down’s syndrome affects about 1 in every 1,000 live births. Down’s syndrome affects all ethnic groups equally. Boys are slightly more likely (around 15%) to be born with Down’s syndrome than girls. (http://www.nhs.uk) The likelihood of having a baby born with Down’s syndrome increases with the mother’s age: What are the symptoms? There are estimated to be over 100 characteristics of Down’s syndrome. Common characteristics of Down syndrome can include: †¢ A flat facial profile †¢ An upward slant to the eye †¢ A short neck †¢ Abnormally shaped ears †¢ White spots on the iris of the eye (called Brushfield spots) †¢ A single, deep transverse crease on the palm of the hand †¢ Smaller than average size †¢ Exaggerated space between the first and second toe †¢ Poor muscle tone (called hypotonia) †¢ Joint looseness †¢ Broad feet with short toes †¢ Learning disabilities. (http://down-syndrome.emedtv.com) The diagnosis Antenatal screening is a way of assessing whether the unborn baby could develop, or has developed, an abnormality during the pregnancy. Antenatal screening cannot diagnose conditions such as Down’s syndrome, but it can determine the likelihood of the baby developing the syndrome. If the risk of Down’s syndrome (or any other condition) is shown to be high, further testing can be arranged to confirm whether or not the baby has the condition. The test that is used for Down’s syndrome is a combined blood test and an ultrasound scan, which is known as the ‘combined test’. During a blood test, a sample of your blood will be taken and tested to check the levels of certain proteins and hormones. If the blood contains abnormal levels of these substances, one may have an increased risk of having a baby with Down’s syndrome. (http://www.nhs.uk) The treatment Down’s syndrome is not a condition that can be cured. However, there are treatments and therapies for the physical, medical and cognitive problems associated with Down syndrome. †¢ Medications can be used to treat certain conditions that occur in people with Down’s syndrome. For example, if a person with Down syndrome has a seizure disorder, they would benefit from taking anti-seizure medications. †¢ The baby’s pediatrician will be the main person managing the infant’s health issues. Most pediatricians have experience dealing with the common medical issues seen in children with Down’s syndrome. †¢ Children with Down syndrome are almost always referred to early intervention programs shortly after birth. Early intervention is a program of therapies, exercises and activities designed to specifically help children with Down syndrome or other disabilities. †¢ Physical therapy focuses on motor development. Since most children with Down’s syndrome have hypotonia or low muscle tone, the goal of physical therapy is to teach the children with Down’s syndrome to move their bodies in appropriate ways, and to improve their muscle tone. †¢ Speech therapy is a very important treatment for children with Down’s syndrome. Because children with Down’s syndrome often have small mouths and slightly enlarged tongues, they can have articulation problems. (http://downsyndrome.about.com) There’s no cure, but treatment of any accompanying health problems and support for learning difficulties allows many people with the syndrome to lead relatively normal and semi-independent lives. Others, however, need full-time care. Many people with the condition live well into adulthood, with an average life expectancy of around 60 years. Physiotherapy, speech therapy and special educational programmes have an important role to play, while specific medical conditions associated with the syndrome are treated as appropriate.(http://www.bbc.co.uk) What are the short term and long-term effects on someone with downs syndrome physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially? Long term effects- physically Common Down’s syndrome physical effects can include thyroid problems, hearing problems, congenital heart disease, eye problems, joint and muscle problems, Seizure, bone, Leukaemia and other cancers, Immune system problems. (http://down-syndrome.emedtv.com) Children with Down syndrome have a widely recognised characteristic appearance. Their head may be smaller than normal and abnormally shaped. Other prominent characteristics of Down syndrome are: a flattened nose, protruding tongue, upward slanting eyes, short hands and fingers, and a single crease in the palm. (http://www.mamashealth.com) Short term effects- physically Children with Down syndrome have decreased resistance to infections and are more prone to dental disease. Some people with Down’s syndrome may have to wear glasses or eye patches. (http://www.health.state.mn.us) Long term effects- intellectually Down’s syndrome affects a child’s ability to learn in different ways, but most have mild to moderate intellectual impairment. Children with Down’s syndrome can and do learn, and are capable of developing skills throughout their lives. They simply reach goals at a different pace. There is often a misconception that individuals with Down’s syndrome have a â€Å"static† or predetermined ability to learn. This simply is not true. It is now known that individuals with Down’s syndrome develop over the course of their lifetime and should be treated accordingly. The learning potential of an individual with Down’s syndrome can be maximised through early intervention, good education, higher expectations and encouragement. (http://downsyndrome.about.com) Some may not be able to cope up with complex thinking that is required in the study of certain subjects. Some may achieve the complex thought process much later. (http://www.buzzle.com) Short term effects-intellectually As almost all children with Down’s syndrome have some degree of intellectual disability, we expect them to have more difficulty developing speech than normal children do. If the child with Down’s syndrome does not have a hearing loss we expect the child’s ability to develop speech to be somewhat dependent on the level of intellectual ability. Therefore, if the child has only a mild intellectual disability (and no hearing loss) he or she usually develops a great deal of speech and can have a simple conversation with family or friends. If the child has a very severe degree of intellectual disability we expect the Down syndrome child to have a great deal of difficulty developing spoken language, and we may use signs and/or pictures (augmentative communication) to help us communicate with that child. (http://www.sch.edu.au) Long term effects-emotionally Around 1 in 5 people with Down’s syndrome will develop a psychological or behavioural condition. Children: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – a behavioural condition that is characterised by a short attention span and impulsiveness Autistic spectrum disorder – a developmental disorder than can cause problems with language, behaviour and social interaction Teenagers and adults: Depression – a condition that causes persistent feelings of extreme sadness Obsessive compulsive disorder – a health condition that is usually associated with both obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviour. (http://www.nhs.uk) Short term effects – emotionally Because of the communication problems discussed above, people with Down’s syndrome may have difficulty talking about things that make them sad or angry. Major life changes such as loss or separation may prompt decreases in appropriate behaviour at school or work. (http://www.ds-health.com) Long term effects – socially They are recognisably inarticulate in their language and communication skills. Their emotional and intellectual growth is often retarded. Children with Down’s syndrome lack in social abilities. (http://www.buzzle.com) Short term effects – socially Socially people with Down’s syndrome are affected, they may feel that it is difficult to mix with people independently, although further into their lives they may develop more confidence to be able to socialise more easily. That’s not to say that people with Down’s syndrome are shy or unsociable, but just may have less confidence in certain years of their lives. Some people with Down’s syndrome may have to be supervised because of their condition, leaving them less outgoing and feeling uncomfortable having an adult watching over them. My second cause of additional need that i now intend to discuss is cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy is a general term covering a number of neurological conditions that affect a child’s movement and coordination. Neurological conditions affect the brain and nervous system. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain, which normally occurs before, during or soon after birth. Known possible causes of cerebral palsy include: †¢ Infection in early pregnancy †¢ A difficult or premature birth †¢ Bleeding in the baby’s brain †¢ Abnormal brain development in the baby (http://www.nhs.uk) At some point very early in life, either while a baby is still growing in the womb, during birth or shortly after, something happens to interfere with the normal development of the brain or to injure the brain tissues. This abnormal development or injury disrupts the nerve signals between the brain and the muscles, leading to problems with movement, posture and coordination as the child grows up. This is called cerebral palsy. While some people are severely affected, others have only minor disruption, depending on which parts of the brain are not functioning properly. It’s estimated that as many as 1 in every 400 children may have cerebral palsy, which means nearly 2,000 babies, from all social backgrounds and ethnic groups, are diagnosed every year. (http://www.bbc.co.uk) About 1 in 500 babies born in the UK have cerebral palsy. The number of cases per year (the incidence) has not changed much over the period of 50 years or so. The health and care of mothers have improved in this time and some causes of cerebral palsy have decreased. However, more babies are being born prematurely and surviving. A proportion of these will have cerebral palsy. This (together with the cause in most cases not being known) is probably why the number of cases has not changed much over the period of 50 years or so. (http://www.patient.co.uk) What are the symptoms? Cerebral palsy is often classified into different types depending on the type of symptoms, which in turn probably reflect which parts of the brain are not working as they should. These include: †¢ Spastic cerebral palsy (about 70 per cent of all cases) – some of the muscles in the body are tight, stiff and weak, drawing the limbs in and making control of movement difficult. †¢ Athetoid (dyskinetic) cerebral palsy (10 per cent of cases) – control of muscles is disrupted by spontaneous and unwanted irregular writhing movements. These may be the result of muscles changing very rapidly from being loose and floppy to very tight and tense. The muscles used for speech may also be affected, interfering with communication. Control of posture is also disrupted. †¢ Ataxic cerebral palsy – problems include difficulty with balance, shaky movements of hands or feet, and difficulty with speech. †¢ Mixed cerebral palsy – a combination of two or more of the above. In coordination of the muscles of the mouth may cause feeding problems such as slow feeding, gagging and vomiting. There may be delayed motor milestones, such as crawling and walking , weakness or paralysis of the limbs, an abnormal gait and slowness in developing speech and social skills. As many as one in three children and adolescents with cerebral palsy also has epilepsy (or seizures). Other common problems include: †¢ Difficulty with walking, writing, eating, talking, dressing †¢ Problems with balance and coordination †¢ Difficulty controlling and maintaining posture (they may need help to sit upright) †¢ Visual difficulties †¢ Hearing problems (http://www.bbc.co.uk) The symptoms of cerebral palsy normally become apparent during the first three years of your child’s life. Your child may be slower in achieving important developmental goals, such as learning to crawl, walk or speak. Children with cerebral palsy also tend to have problems with their muscle tone (the unconscious ability to contract or relax muscles as needed). Your child may have: †¢ Hypertonia: increased muscle tone, which can make them appear stiff or rigid †¢ Hypotonia: decreased muscle tone, which makes them appear floppy (http://www.nhs.uk) The diagnosis The paediatrician will ask about a child’s history and their pattern of development. They will also study a child’s reflexes, posture, motor skills and muscle tone. Depending on the child’s age, they may also be referred to an educational psychologist so the child’s intellectual development can be assessed. Further tests may be recommended to rule out other conditions, which cause similar symptoms to cerebral palsy, such as a tumour or muscular dystrophy (a genetic condition affecting the development of the muscles). In some cases, further testing will also be able to confirm a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. This is because the condition can cause changes to the structure of the brain, which can be detected by the tests. Tests a child may require include: †¢ Blood tests †¢ Cranial ultrasound, which uses sound waves to build up a picture of the child’s brain tissue †¢ MRI scan, which uses radio and magnetic waves to study the brain in more detail †¢ CT scan, which uses a series of X-rays that are then assembled by a computer to create a detailed 3-D model of a child’s brain While a confident diagnosis of cerebral palsy can usually be made when s child is two or three years old, the type and severity of a child’s cerebral palsy may not be determined until they reach four or five years of age. (http://www.nhs.uk) Treatment There’s no cure for cerebral palsy. However, there are plenty of treatments and therapies that can reduce the impact of the condition by easing symptoms such as spasticity, improving communication skills and finding other ways to do things. Physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy can all play an important part. Children with cerebral palsy do best when they get special help from an early age. Because the brain changes a lot during the first few years of life, it can be difficult to assess the extent of cerebral palsy at first, but most experts suggest babies should be first assessed at about 9 to 12 months. Many children with cerebral palsy benefit from an approach known as conductive education, which helps them to overcome movement problems and gain some control through special education and rehabilitation. Adults can get a lot from it too. Speech and language therapy helps with speech development and also with eating, drinking, and swallowing. Surgery is sometimes needed to correct any deformities that develop as a result of abnormal muscle development or function. Medication can reduce muscle hyperactivity and spasticity, but physiotherapy is the bedrock of cerebral palsy management and can helps with posture and movement. It also tries to prevent progression of disability. Occupational therapy helps children overcome difficulties performing everyday tasks, encouraging them to lead independent lives. With help, most people with cerebral palsy are able to live much the same sort of lives as everyone else. They may have to work a bit harder to overcome practical problems, but most things are possible. (http://www.bbc.co.uk)

British Policy of Appeasement Essay

British Policy of Appeasement Essay British Policy of Appeasement Essay World War 2 was officially started on the first of September 1939 as Germany invades Poland however the build-up to the colossal war that resulted in the holocaust and two atomic bombs stretched back as far as the end of the First World War (the Great War). The treaty of Versailles was signed on the 28th of June 1919 exactly 5 years after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand (which triggered WW1). The treaty was signed by the allies (Britain and France) except the US as president Woodrow Wilson believed that the terms of the treaty were too harsh. The treaty terms were: 1. The war guilt clause: this made Germany accept full responsibility for the war 2. Germany’s massive military was reduced to 100000 men, no tanks, submarines, only 6 battleships and the military had to leave the Rhineland entirely. 3. Germany lost some colonies and some land in Europe 4. Germany had to pay 6600000000 marks or  £284 billion in today’s currency. When the Germans were given the papers to sign they were outraged at the unreasonable terms however the allies held the power and if provoked they could have easily taken over Germany, forcing the Germans to sign the treaty. A theory as to why the treaty was so harsh was that the big three wanted revenge for what Germany did to their countries and economies. The most aggravated of all three was Clemenceau as he was scared of Germany and reasonably so as France is Germanys next door neighbours this was the reason one of the terms is to leave the Rhineland. The treaty was key in starting the war as it sparked hatred towards the allies and gave all Hitler needed to convince people to vote him into office. The League of Nations was created at the end of the First World War by Woodrow Wilson and was designed to prevent conflict and encourage debates. The league can be compared to the United Nations that is still functioning today however there are some major differences. When the league was set up the countries that had fought the allies were not allowed to join, this made the allies enemies feel as if they had liberties that would have been restricted if they had been in the league making them reckless and uncontrollable. The USSR was banned as the capitalistic countries viewed them badly as they were communist (many countries were scared of communism as I could destroy economy’s) however even if the USSR had received an invitation they most likely would have declined as they viewed the league as a â€Å"club of capitalists†. Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th of April 1889 in Austria. Hitler moved to Vienna in 1907 where he applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine arts, but was twice turned down. This experience made Hitler angry and during this period Hitler appears to have developed the world view that would characterise his whole life and a hatred for Jews. In WW1 Hitler was a trench runner this job was especially dangerous as you had to carry messages from trench to trench however he got gas attacked and woke up in hospital to learn that Germany had surrendered this infuriated him. After the war Hitler became a politician in the Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) he swiftly rose until he held control and started to change the way things were run. He gave the party storm troopers also called the brown shirts and surrounded himself with personnel bodyguards dressed in black also known as the SS (later to be notorious for Jew hunting). Hitler declared his party as the new government and marched throu gh the streets however they were stopped by the police and Hitler was put in jail where he wrote his book mein

An Introduction to Hellenistic Greece

An Introduction to Hellenistic Greece The era of Hellenistic Greece was the period when Greece language and culture spread throughout the Mediterranean world. The third era of ancient Greek history was the Hellenistic Age when the Greek language and culture spread throughout the Mediterranean world. Typically, historians start the Hellenistic Age with the death of Alexander, whose empire spread from India to Africa, in 323 B.C. It follows the Classical Age and precedes the incorporation of the Greek empire within the Roman empire in 146 B.C. (31 B.C. or the Battle of Actium for the Egyptian territory). The Hellenistic settlements may be divided into five regions, according to and quoted from The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India, by Getzel M. Cohen: Greece, Macedonia, the Islands, and Asia Minor;Asia Minor west of the Tauros Mountains;Cilicia beyond the Tauros Mountains, Syria, and Phoenicia;Egypt;the regions beyond the Euphrates, i.e., Mesopotamia, the Iranian plateau, and central Asia. Aftermath of the Death of Alexander the Great A series of wars marked the period immediately after Alexander’s death in 323 B.C., including the Lamian Wars and the first and second Diadochi Wars, wherein Alexander’s followers sued for his throne. Eventually, the empire was divided into three parts: Macedonia and Greece (ruled by Antigonus, founder of the Antigonid dynasty), the Near East (ruled by Seleucus, founder of the Seleucid dynasty), and Egypt, where the general Ptolemy started the Ptolemid dynasty. The early Hellenistic Age also saw enduring achievements in the arts and learning, however. The philosophers Xeno and Epicurus founded their philosophical schools, and stoicism and Epicureanism are still with us today. In Athens, the mathematician Euclid began his school and became the founder of modern geometry. Third Century B.C. The empire was wealthy thanks to the conquered Persians. With this wealth, building and other cultural programs were established in each region. The most famous of these was doubtless the Library of Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy I Soter in Egypt, charged with housing all of the world’s knowledge. The library flourished under the Ptolemaic dynasty and withstood several disasters until it was ultimately destroyed in the second century A.D. Another triumphalist building effort was the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The 98-foot tall statue commemorated the victory of the island of Rhodes against the predations of Antigonus I Monopthalmus. But internecine conflict continued, notably through the Pyrrhic War between Rome and Epirus, the invasion of Thrace by Celtic peoples, and the dawn of Roman prominence in the region. Second Century B.C. The end of the Hellenistic Age was marked by greater conflict, as battles raged among the Seleucids and among the Macedonians. The political weakness of the empire made it an easy target in the ascent of Rome as a regional power; by 149 B.C., Greece itself was a province of the Roman Empire. This was followed in short order by the absorption of Corinth and Macedonia by Rome. By 31 B.C., with the victory at Actium and the collapse of Egypt, all of Alexander’s empire lay in Roman hands. Cultural Achievements of the Hellenistic Age While the culture of ancient Greece was disseminated East and West, the Greeks adopted elements of eastern culture and religion, especially Zoroastrianism and Mithraism. Attic Greek became the lingua franca. Impressive scientific innovations were made in Alexandria where the Greek Eratosthenes computed the circumference of the earth, Archimedes calculated pi, and Euclid compiled his geometry text. In philosophy, Zeno and Epicurus founded the moral philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. In literature, New Comedy evolved, as did the pastoral idyll form of poetry associated with Theocritus, and the personal biography, which accompanied a movement in sculpture to represent people as they were rather than as ideals, although there were exceptions in Greek sculpture most notably the hideous depictions of Socrates, although even they may have been idealized, if negatively. Both Michael Grant and Moses Hadas discuss these artistic/biographical changes. See From Alexander to Cleopatra, by Michael Grant, and Hellenistic Literature, by Moses Hadas. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 17, (1963), pp. 21-35. Source Cohen, Getzel M. The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. Hellenistic Culture and Society Book 54, 1 Edition, Kindle Edition, University of California Press, June 2, 2013.

Why Trial by Jury Should Be Retained Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why Trial by Jury Should Be Retained - Essay Example It is though this confidence that citizens appreciate the independence and the important role played by the judicial system. Trial through a jury has been a long tradition in the justice system that it is considered as unique approach in the justice system in that it requires the use of ordinary citizens without prior legal training to hear evidence in a court of law, make sense of the conflicting facts and the application of legal rules to reach a final verdict about which all or the majority of jurors can agree. Thousands of cases are heard and determined by juries annually and prediction regarding the potential verdicts has a large influence on the decisions required to settle civil lawsuits and in offering and accepting plea bargains in most criminal cases. Jury trials have therefore an important role to play in the law. It is through these juries that psychologists can better perceive how individuals perceive, interpret and remember evidence and the various ways in which the jur or members can establish consensus with one another. Largely, the use of these juries in trials is mainly observed as giving the public the power and entrusting them to govern themselves in that the members are just ordinary public with no prior training in law. Most western countries through this have undertaken to use juries in both criminal and civil cases. Does it mean that judges are not entrusted to pass out credible verdicts? Not really. Jurors are just intended to ensure that the trial has the view and acceptance of the ordinary man. ii. Facts and statistics on juries In 2005, about 16,397 tort cases were disposed by jury or bench with the jury hearing 90% of these cases. 80% of all jury trails globally takes place in the US 70% of Japanese citizens reluctant to serve in the jury In 2009, there were six verdicts over $1,000,000 in the US in medical malpractices with largest being at $23.6 million settled after trail (Day, 2010). iii. Objectives of the review This review has several objectives which are; Evaluating the importance of a jury Understanding how a jury operates Recommending the retention of juries in corridors of justice. iv. How jurors operate. Jurors in most cases do a good job in weighing the evidence provided and applying the law in passing out the verdict of an accused (Greene & Bornstein, 2000). Usually, where jurors are considered to have erred, there is evidence that the errors reflect well documented and universal psychological principles that may include heuristic reasoning and attribution errors (Greene & Bornstein, 2011). This may aid in watering down the numerous criticism along with extensive media coverage that portray sensitive cases that have been used to portray the jury as being incompetent and resulting to wrong judgments especially in criminal cases. These errors occurring within the acceptable and recognized psychological principles explain the overall usefulness of these juries in civil and criminal cases and further e xplain that there is an importance of retaining them in the corridors of justice. The lack of fairness in the court system may be attributed to: System not offering required protection to citizens form harm by bringing offenders to the required justice Proceedings in the court system being lengthy Outcome of sentences portraying a disconnection between the crime committed and the senesce handed to offenders (Falconer, 2006) Juries in most cases ensure that judges entrust fairness and preserve the issue of subjective decision making in convicting persons in a court of law (Lea, 2006). The role of jury is to weigh the evidence this is presented in court, apply the law as directed by the trial judge regarding the

Inuit Education Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inuit Education Outline - Assignment Example By the 1960’s a global push was underway for â€Å"decolonization† of the education of indigenous communities, which included instruction in native languages (Patrick 255). The reasoning behind this shift was that students would be more successful in their academic pursuits when instructed in their native languages, while such instruction would provide avenues for advancement among adults in indigenous communities. At a deeper level, decolonization of education was linked to the broader political and cultural effort to â€Å"decolonize the mind† of indigenous communities, a phrase made popular through the writings of Franz Fanon. Instruction in Inuit languages would allow students to avoid the destructive colonial condition of viewing oneself and one's communities through the eyes of colonial authority and instead promote the development of a sophisticated, literate Inuit subjectivity. Now, forty years later, bilingual education and other anti-colonial educational reforms have had a chance to take on this enormous task. This paper aims to assess whether the aims of such reforms have been achieved, to note any unintended consequences of the policy and to assess the potential of future reform policy. c. Thesis: Bilingual education had limited success in achieving its original aims. While Inuit subjectivity has been strengthened in the process of policy change, cultural imperialism in education and society as a whole have not been entirely eliminated. a. Bilingual education had limited success in achieving its original aims. While Inuit subjectivity has been strengthened in the process of policy change, cultural imperialism in education and society as a whole have not been entire.

Critical Examination of the applicability of module topics to two Essay

Critical Examination of the applicability of module topics to two globally trading companies - Essay Example n the company’s strategic plans it was evident that there are numerous retail chains in the market thus it had to come up with a strategy that would ensure it stands out of the rest and, in the long run, maintain a competitive advantage over its rivals (â€Å"Strategies for Reaching†, 2010). Despite offering its goods at low prices, the quality of goods sold to clients is not compromised, even though; profit maximization remains the principal objective of the organization. It is literally difficult for an organization to achieve all these three parameters at a go, but Wal-Mart has managed to conquer them all through strategic planning and implementation. The company conducted its analysis of the industry and came to the conclusion that the value of retail goods increased exponentially from the time of manufacturing for the time they get to their stores. Thus, they came up with a rapid transportation system that supplied its stores with goods from the suppliers in time, and only the required products were reimbursed in the stores (â€Å"Wal-Mart: Key†, 2014). The company developed an integrated inventory system that was coordinated with their primary suppliers for instance Proctor and Gamble whereby goods would be replenished in the stores immediately their volumes run below the recommended levels. In that sense there would be no time a good would be missing in Wal-Mart stores since the system would update the suppliers of the goods that were on demand and the rapid transport system of Wal-Mart would dispatch them to the respective stores within twenty-four hours. The fact that Wal-Mart deals directly with its suppliers ensure that the cost of essential goods is significantly discounted and those price cuts are transferred to customers in terms of low prices (Govindarajan, and Gupta, 2002). The company is notable with its low prices a feature that has seen it accrue billions of dollars yearly in terms of revenues and made other market players to shut business

Pizza Hut Data analysis

Pizza Hut Data analysis Introduction Earlier chapters have set the stage for carrying out of this research. This chapter builds on the previous ones by reporting the results of the data analysis. The primary data collected through interviews and questionnaire is presented in graphs along with analysis and findings. From these analysis researchers will be able to proceed towards conclusion and recommendation. Qualitative Data analysis This part of chapter will analyse the interviews conducted with pizza hut management. Strategy Importance To find out and analyse strategy planning and its importance researcher asked questions from Pizza hut management ‘What was the strategic planning behind ERP (MICROS)’ and ‘What were the main objectives behind ERP (MICROS), and Is Pizza hut as an organisation able to achieve those objectives?’. In reply to these questions Operational support manager replied. Strategic plan behind ERP system was to be a market leader in fast food market and to provide excellent customer service through ERP implementation. According to Operational support manager and area managers of pizza hut the objectives behind ERP were to run the business more efficiently, better product quality and customer service, enhanced financial procedures through real time figures and effective marketing through customer information. (Hammer champy, 1993) presented theory of business process reengineering, in their theory they explained that very basic rethinking and essential reforming of business processes to obtain remarkable improvements in current performance is called business process reengineering. Hammer further described information technology is the important factor to help BPR. Pizza hut management identified ERP systems are very expensive to install. The hard work not only finished after installation but organisation have to do more to manage them. So to do all this Pizza hut needed a firm strong strategy. According to (Porter, 1996) simply we have no idea what is strategy and how we can build a good strong strategy. But on the other hand Whittington and Mintzberg helped to give the tools for strategy making. Pizza hut operational support managers answer showed that pizza hut strategy is pre-planned where as an organisation pizza hut management consider not only to install ERP but they also had looked after installation phase and ERP management. Beside this some particular objectives demands for a strong and firm strategy. (Bendoly, 2005) Informed that every time organisations handling ERP projects they should have corporate level strategy for ERP. Unlike Mintzberg emergent school of thought where he highlighted that in organisation normally people don’t know about strategy and certain procedure developed into strategy. (Robert Norton, 2008) made intereting point he said both strategy and opertional approachs helps to minimize risk and manage risk. Operational manager, area manager and store managers all are agree that the basic strategy is growth in sale like earliar Operational support manager said the strategy planning behind ERP was to get maximum share in fast food market and customer service through ERP. (Porter and Millar, 1985) explained corporate level strategy means to make entire organisatin ready for growth and information systems plays vital role in this process that is why ERP are very critical for competitive advantage. According to pizza hut management they are able to achieve their target and as an organisation they are growing. Area manager revleas that pizza hut in 2007 sold 35.4 million pizzas in the UK and pizza hut serve over 97,000 pizzas and 171,000 customers a day at pizza hut UK. Overall sale of Pizza hut is more than  £600 million after installing MICROS. Cheshunt store manager informed that the customer complaints are dropped to 2 to 4 complaints per quarter where before MICROS figures were 10 to 12. Reseacher also tried to find out the challenges faced by pizza hut management. So the main purpose of this question was to findout the difficulties and challenges faced by pizza hut management during implementation. ‘What problems did you encounter during implementation’. In reply to this question operations support manager said, although they had pre plans for ERP(MICROS) still they faced lots of challenges and problems. The first big challenge was cost, MICROS entire package was very expensive to buy and implement. After installing MICROS the second biggest challenage was to change employees mind set and organisation culture. (Bendoly, 2005) made interesting points in ERP implementation, he explained after installation most of the time emplyoee do not have believe on information which ERP system provide. Employees do not have importance of information, that how important it is to put accurate information into the system. Bendloy argued employee play important role in successful implementation. Pizza hut area managers also explained that to over come employees behaviour and to tell them how important it is to put accurate information for better analysis and knowledge pizza hut ran a dominanting training program. Which helped to overcome this problem. Store managers agrees that the training imporved employees performance and staff start to take proper phone no, customer information and order information and support managers start performing daily check according to the procedures. (Kling Iacono, 1984) argued that introduction of technology to organisation often produces opportunities for managers to change the way they control workers. Cheshunt store manager told in start the MICROS help desk was not helpful enough. (Kalling, 2003) also pointed out ERP systems are more than installing software programs. He clarified ERP system implementation trigger change in entire organisation. So managers have to think differently to manage change. He further argued that ERP and business process re engineering is linked with each other. Southgate store manager responded it was not easy to manage change in store. It is difficult to change employees mind set and to convience them on new procedures. Training plays important role but it is time taking process. (Frenzel, 1992) also identified that change management is not a easy process. It is a big challenge in management area. Reseacher found Strategy making plays important role in organisation growth. It helps to estimate risk and to look forward in future. ERP plays important role to achieve strategy objectives by improving organisation efficency and customer knowledge. ERP implementation is not only software implementations but it triggers change in organisation.Proper planning and strategy to manage change helps to overcome different change problems. Impact on operations Researcher asked this question from pizza hut management to find out ERP impact on organisation operations and this also was core question of interview. ‘What is the impact of ERP (MICROS) on operation management after implementation?’ In respond to this question Operation support manager explained after implementing MICROS pizza hut communication is improved via intranet and managers are able to have real time figures in quick time. This helps them to improve speed, decision making process, quality of product and customer service. After installing ERP (MICROS) pizza hut is able to store customer information. Operation support manager explained about new term in pizza hut â€Å"Every second counts† thanks to MICROS. (Mintzberg, 1991) also speak in favour of this according to him the most important thing in these days an organisation can have is its knowledge. Organisations always keep moving from one direction to another for better efficiency and innovation. North Area manager identified MICROS helps to forecast for future in the light of customer’s previous order behaviour. MICROS took last 6 weeks sales and customer pattern to provide forecast with such a detail where managers can find out peak and off peak times even on hourly basis. It help managers to improve scheduling, cost of sales. (Mata, Fuerst, barney, 1995) illustrated that resource base theory demands organisation I.T resources should have broad scope in organisation departments. Area manager descried through MICROS pizza hut management is able to control on waste. Because intelligent forecasting allow managers to prepare according to demand this helps to cut cost of sales. Southgate store manager further explained that scheduling is more accurate this leads towards better cost of labour. According to pizza hut area manger MICROS assist to have â€Å"Right people at right place†. By cutting cost of sales and cost of labour through efficient procedures we are a ble to maximize profit. (Porter, 1996) defines operational efficiency as performing organisational functions better than competitors. He further explained operational efficiency leads towards low cost. South gate store managers answer was continuation of porter theory. He also identified MICROS help to give under 3, under 14, under 30 figures which help managers to check the order processing at different levels so they can find out the problem area. Grays store manager revealed that after implementation they have better pre-prep plan. This saves time and increase speed. Customers get better product and service. (Deming, 1986) presented a system where he said to improve quality (Plan, do, check, act). He believes by following this sequence we can improve quality. Operational support manager Operational support manager identified the big step towards online ordering system MICROS]offer pizza hut customers online ordering facility. It is major achievements to enhance customer service, bring accuracy and speed in order processing. (Jashapara, 2004) pointed out that organisations prime objective is to give products and services which can fulfil customers changing demands. Questionnaire figures make Jashapara point more valid where most of the customers like to place order online. Cheshunt store manager told online ordering system save time and cost of labour. When customer order through online it save order taking time and help to cut hours which used to take order on phone. One of Pizza hut Area manager explained since pizza hut introduced online order service pizza hut‘s North area is saving round 2 % labour per week. (Porter, 1985) argued that organisation willing to achieve competitive advantage needs to create value chain. Value chain refers to increase in margin. In order to achieve this margin all the resources of organisation have to perform. Primary data shows that most of the customers like ordering online due to many reasons such as online ordering system allow them to order more accuratly, provide more information about required product and delivery speed is fast. Primary data shows that most of the customers like ordering online due to many reasons such as online ordering system allow them to order more accuratly, provide more information about required product and delivery speed is fast. Researcher found ERP systems have a huge impact on operational management. ERP systems help to make operations efficient and effective. ERP systems help to cut cost and to maximize profit. At the same time assists to improve customer service directly and indirectly. Impact on Decision Making This question was asked from pizza hut management to find out impact of ERP (MICROS) on decision making and what they do different now. ‘Do you think Pizza hut’s over all decision making ability is improved’. In respond to this question all the managers were agreed and their answer was positive. Operation support manager tells MICROS produce real time figures which mean we can see even 10 sec progress from different point of views. This precise information allows managers to act fast, analyse to make accurate and efficient decisions. Communications between different managers are easy and secure. (Liebowitz, 2000) pointed out that in knowledge management major problem is distribution and organising of knowledge. He further explained data mining tool helpful to overcome this problem. Area manager explained managers can reschedule the staff according to business need. If the sale is low and nothing happening manager can check on MICROS how many team member required and can adjust according to that information. (Bacij, Chaffey, Greasley, 2002) explained that organisations want to work effectively their all the activities must be arranged and monitored by managers according to well informed decisions. Operation manager explained MICROS helped to sort delivery area decision making process through drive time reports. These drive time reports provide time to grid delivery area. (senge, 2006) thinks differently and he argued that a person can have a more information because of technical advancement but it create no difference if the person have not appropriate skills to relate this specific information in a functional way. Marketing decision making is improved because of customer order records. Profit and loss accounts are available online. Overall financial decision making is improved. (Howard Dresner, 1989) first time introduced the thought of business intelligence. He explained it as a set of thoughts and methodologies arranged to enhance decision-making in business through the use of information and information-based systems. Store managers were agree that decision making is improved through MICROS. They can have a look on different reports. Decisions about ordering stock are improved. (Davenport Prusak, 1998) thinks oppositely according to them two third of managers information and knowledge came from face to face meeting or through phone discussion. One third information can be gettable through documents. (Rainey, 2006) argued that the main responsibility of executives and corporate management systems is to produce a well designed business model that can provide enhanced strategic direction, control and governance to the organisation. Researcher found ERP provide information distribution to different managers of different departments. Information availability assists to improve decision making process. Through available and real time figures managers are able to take in time and accurate decisions to react accordingly. Customer service and impact on marketing Researcher asked this question to enquire from Pizza hut management which department of pizza hut as an organisation tool most of the advantage from ERP. ‘What is the most improved area in whole organisation processes, e.g. HR, operations or finance.’ The answer was consists on operation, finance, marketing and customer service. Researcher has done detail analysis on operation and finance in this part researcher is analysing marketing department to look ERP impact on marketing. According to Operations support manager ERP facilitate to store customer information and from this customer information different analysis can be done to find out customer trend, their ordering behaviour and spending capacity. This helps to provide more knowledge about customer. (Sveiby, 1996) explained difference between information and knowledge he argued information is not equal to knowledge. Southgate store manager also speaks in favour of this he said customer information helps to build customer knowledge after some analysis. In analysis of customer information we need some particular information to build knowledge. For example customers order frequency and last order. (Polanyi, 1967) presented a theory about knowledge where he identified knowledge is an activity defined as process of knowing. For (Devanport and Prusak, 1998) knowledge is mixture of experience and information. This gives base to develop new skill and information. Pizza hut area manager thinks according to these theories and explained MICROS database store customer contact information, their last order record. Marketing department is using this information to make new deals, special deals to encourage differentcustomers. MICROS’s online ordering systems introduced new marketing procedures which are low in cost and have high effect in outcome. For example through online systems MICROS data base store email of customers and marketing department use this email information to advertise new deals or products. Grays store manager compared before MICROS customer information was only available in store. This means only store management can access that information and store manager do not have the capacity to organise entire marketing department. MICROS enabled share and centralised database which helps to access customer information of all stores from anywhere. (Fiol Lyles, 1985) presented a theory that rapid change in technology and competition bring new way of thinking in organisations and learning improves organisations performance. (Hubber, 1991) also identified the importance of information he said organisation learns the way of information processing is changed. ‘How new customer related knowledge and information is utilised.’ This question was asked to find out how pizza hut as an organisation is using customer knowledge. Operation support manager identified in his answer new customer information helps to keep customer record. This gives great knowledge about customer behaviour. MICROS help to store customer’s experiences with pizza hut. Their ordering pattern helps to analyse peak and off peak time. MICROS online ordering system helps to do effective marketing through website and emails. Marketing department is encouraging customers to order online because online order save time, improve accuracy and customer service and enhance speed. Area manager pointed out new customer knowledge helps to differentiate the regular customers. And pizza hut management is able to introduce special offers to regular customers and more attractive offers for new customers. Overall MICROS provide knowledge to make an effective marketing strategy to compete. Cheshunt store manager gave example of introducing new business deals only for Cheshunt store this helped to increase sales. Questionnaire answers figures shows that overall more than 70 % like online ordering and special offers. Researcher found ERP systems helps to create knowledge about customer and organisation. And have positive impact on marketing and customer service. ERP systems provide new marketing procedures, ERP systems also help to cut marketing budget through new procedures and facilitate even to do person to person marketing. Researcher also found knowledge is more than information. Financial Impact ‘How much pizza hut spent on ERP and what is the expected time to recover this investment’ and’ Do you think so far investing in ERP was worth to pizza hut as an organisation?’ These questions were asked to have idea about return on investment. Operation supportmanager replied it is difficult to disclose exact figure of MICROS implementations. However he briefly explained MICROS systems were very expensive to implement just to have an idea one MICROS’s enable touch screen system cost  £2200. A small delivery unit at least have 6 touch screens. Pizza hut entire management were agreed that ERP systems implementation investment was worth. It helped to enhance operations, increase sale, managers have better ability to perform and to deliver. (Gattikar Goodhue, 2000) identified benefits of ERP, he explained ERP systems improve administrator role such as finance and human resource. Questionnaire results shows more than 60 % customers agree that they have better accuracyand speed with new online ordering system. They also agreed that online ordering system provide easier and faster way to order. (Hossain, Jon Rashid, 2002) also described ERP benefits they gave explanation that Enterprise resource planning systems are implement to enhance and improve performance of organisation and these systems have impact on entire organisation. Pizza hut management is agreed although MICROS are expensive but their benefits are worth to spend on MICROS. Researcher found even though ERP systems are expensive for an organisation but they are worth for investment. Accuracy This question was designed to ask from interviewers what is the difference after ERP implementation. ‘What do you do differently now’. In reply to this question Operation support manager identify now pizza hut management have secure and easy availability of information. Online ordering system is step towards differentiation. Most of pizza hut competitors do not have online ordering facility. (Porter, 1996) explained organisation want to have competitive advantage have to produce a strategy either to execute different actions or similar actions with different technique. Area manager identified that MICROS produced improved reporting regarding different departments such as inventory report, more powerful sales report. Prevent fraud and more secure communication between customer and organisation. (O’Brien Marakas, 2008) described ERP software based and related to manufacturing, distribution, sales , accounting and human resource reporting software. This allows ERP s ystems to provide analysis and planning reports of different departments. Grays store manager reveals now because of better and precise forecasting they are able to pre-prep more accurately. This makes us able to reduce order making time and improve speed. In questionnaire figures shows 98% customers agree that online ordering system improved speed and order accuracy. Operation support manager identified MICROS provide more accurate accountability and fraud prevention because MICROS record every single transaction between customer and organisation and it also store discounts records. Store managers informed MICROS helped to improve CHAMPS. CHAMPS is Pizza hut standards for individual store performance where they look at Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product and Speed. Researcher found ERP systems help to enhance accuracy in different departments of organisation for better performance and accountability. Quantitative analysis Customers respond regarding ERP system This section of chapter based on data analysis of questionnaire survey to find out customers responds for online ordering service and pizza hut management reply on this questionnaire survey. Survey was completed in one week. Survey respond was 100 %. Pizza Hut online Service system Survey Statistics Started 100 Completed 100 Completion Rate 100% Drop Outs (do not use Pizza hut service) 3 1. Do you use Pizza Hut service in the area? Yes. No. In respond to this question 97 % customers answer was YES and they order food from pizza hut. 3 % said no. The figure shows there is high percentage of people who likes to order food from pizza hut. It gives Pizza hut great advantage in fast food market and shows have great brand name impact in fast food market. Pizza hut management told in interview it is their prime objective to be a fast food market leader. 2. How often do you use Pizza Hut Service? 1. Once a week 2. Twice a week or more 3. Once a month 4. Once a year Question two was designed to get the ordering frequency of customer that how often customer order pizza.51 % customers answered once a week. 40 % said twice a week or more. 7 % said once a month. And 2 % said once a year. Researcher found that pizza hut has good loyal customers. As there are more than 50 % customers who order at least once a week. According to Area manager customer order frequency information helps to improve marketing strategy and forecasting. L.R analysis Order frequency 3. What is your preferred way for ordering food? 1. Calling at Pizza hut 2. Walk in 3. Online This question was asked to identify what is the convenient way to place an order. In reply to this question 43% said they prefer order online 40 % peoples likes to order via phone and 17% customers likes to place order in person at pizza hut. Figures clearly show the different trends in customers. Customers have mixed approach towards ordering service but there are 43% customers as compare to 40% and 17 % who use other services. Researcher can withdraw result in the light of above figures that peoples have more trends to order through online service. Operations support manager also told that MICROS helped them to take one step forward it allow pizza hut to introduce online ordering service. Online ordering system is accurate and faster way to place order. (Shanks, Peter B, Leslie P, 2003) pointed out organisations plan to install ERP when they found it is their requirement to upgrade their active operational procedures 4. How you get more information about your required food? 1. Calling at Pizza hut 2. Printed Leaflet 3. Online product description The main purpose of this question was to find out does online ordering service provide enough information regarding product of pizza hut as compare to printed leaflet and calling at pizza hut. So researcher can determine about customer reaction about product information through online system. 67 % people voted that they will get more information via online. 29 % customers said they find more information on printed leaflets. Only 4 % customers agreed that they get more information about product when they call at pizza hut. After collecting primary data it is easy to identify the findings that 67 % customers are agreed that online system provide more information as compare to other product descriptions. Area manager explained in interview that Online system provide product information in detail because it iseasy to update and give product detail information on website as compare to printed brochure. 5. The information on the website is clearly written and easy to understand 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly Agree This question was designed to understand customer’s respond about information that is available on website regarding product and order. In respond to this question 82% customers strongly agreed. 11 % customers said they are agreed and 7 % customer replied they are undecided. After analysing the primary data researcher found that high percentage of customer 82 % strongly agreed and 11 % are happy that information on the online ordering system website is clearly understandable. This clearly shows that online ordering system is playing good role in pizza hut product understanding. 6. The content of the website is up-to-date? 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly Agree The aim behind this question was to calculate the accuracy of website offering products as compare to advertising offers and new printed menu. 82% customer strongly agreed that pizza hut website is up to date, 10 % people said they are agree that pizza hut is up to date , 6 % people said they are undecided 2 % people said they are disagree with this statement. Above figures describing that most of the time customers find website up to date. Researcherfinds still 2 % of people are there who said they are not agreed. This is area of concern being a multinational company Pizza hut have to resolve this and the website content should be up to dated for better impact and this is necessary for online system success that all the part of ERP systems in working condition and capable to play their role in organisation services. Southgate Store manager explained this problem as online website is for National level, whilesometimes pizza hut run special offers for local area, and customer find conflict in deals. Area managers described they are working to solve this problem by allowing special discounts for customers. 7. Please rate the ease of navigation of Pizza hut online service 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Average 4. Poor 5. Very Poor This question was designed to find out the ease of navigation when customers are ordering their food or in between their order and change mind to other product. 61 % customers said the navigation of website is excellent, 31 % said it is good and 6 % said it is average and 2 % said it is poor. There is mixed ratio of answers regarding ease of navigation. Area managers and store managers identified ERP installation helped to improve visuals and navigation through providing intelligent order taking program. Researcher found that online system can be more user friendly to encourage customer for online ordering service. 8. How easy was it to find a particular item you were looking for? 1. Very Easy 2. Somewhat Easy 3. Easy 4. Somewhat Difficult 5. Very Difficult This question is supporting above question and focused particularly on specific item or product.68 % people voted very easy for this question, 21 % said somewhat easy, 9 % said easy and 2 % said somewhat difficult. Pizza hut management explained because of user friendly layout and product detail help to find and select product. Researcher found that 68 % respondent said it is easy to find their required items this shows that online ordering system is really helpful for finding their required product and good for search of items. 9. Please rate the overall content of Pizza hut website. 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Average 4. Poor 5. Very Poor This question covers generally about accuracy and easiness of the online ordering system. In respond to this question 61 % customer said excellent, 25 % said it is good ,11 % said it is average and 3 % replied it is poor. The statistics illustrate that there is high volume of customers who are satisfied with overall content online ordering website. Pizza hut management identified MICROS online ordering system is on step forward towards better customer service. (Gattiker Goodhue, 2000) Pointed out ERP implementation provides benefits from many angles. 10. How easy was it to modify items in your shopping cart? e.g to change pizza base, 1. Very Easy 2. Somewhat Easy 3. Easy 4. Somewhat Difficult 5. Very Difficult This question was designed to find out the ease of changing order, if a customer wants to change order after deciding final order is it easy to change the final order as compare to other service.37 % customers said very easy, 35 % said somewhat easy and 22 % said it is easy and 4 % said somewhat difficult and 2 % said very difficult. Researcher found that 37 % people found it very easy to change final product this figure is low as compare to above customer’s respond towards online ordering system. This is the area of improvement for online service. In respond to these figures operations support manager told MICROS support team is working to fix problems as they are logged. They always try to provide best possible and user friendly interface to customers and order takers. 11. Was your order complete when you received it? Yes No The main objective of this question was to find out accuracy when order received at pizza hut and processed how accurately it delivered when place through online ordering system. 96 % said yes to this question‘s answer and only 4 % said no. Findings show the accuracy level for online ordering service is good. Where 96% of people said they find complete order. Cheshunt store manager revealed that since they have MICROS online ordering service their store d